ANAT 315 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATED 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
347 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the components of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Bone, cartilage,
ligaments
What are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Support, storage of
minerals, blood cell production, protection, leverage
What are the components of the muscular system? - ANSWER Muscle,
tendons, motor units
What are the functions of the muscular system? - ANSWER Produce skeletal
movement, maintain posture + body position, regulate opening and closing of
orfices, maintains body temp
Describe flat bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Two plates of compact bone
separated by spongy bone. EX: Skull
Describe sesamoid bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Round/oval, within
tendons. EX: patella, only bone not connected to another via ligament
Describe irregular bones. Give an example. - ANSWER complex shapes,
notched or ridged. EX: vertebrae
Describe long bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Long, slender, tubular. EX:
humerus, femur
Describe short bones. Give an example. - ANSWER short and cuboid. EX:
carpal bones
,Define foramen - ANSWER an opening or hole
Define fossa - ANSWER a shallow depression
Define facet - ANSWER a small articular surface
Define condyle - ANSWER round prominence at the end of a bone, often for
articulation ('knuckle')
Define epicondyle - ANSWER round projection ABOVE A CONDYLE serving
for ligament and tendon attachment
What comprises the axial skeleton? - ANSWER skull, vertebral column, ribs,
sternum
What comprises the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER pectoral girdle, pelvic
girdle, upper + lower limbs
Define process - ANSWER an outgrowth or bony projection
Define tubercle - ANSWER round nodule, small eminence/outgrowth often or
articulation or muscle attachment
Define tuberosity - ANSWER rough projection on bony surface
Define solid joint - ANSWER a joint where there is no movement, connected
by a fibrous bridge/connective tissue.
What are the two major subsets of solid joints? - ANSWER Fibrous: A joint
using ligaments.
Cartilagenous: A joint using cartilage
What are the types of solid, FIBROUS joints? - ANSWER Gomphosis: tooth in
socket via peridontal ligs
Suture: interlocking bones w ligaments (ex: skull)
Syndesmosis: two bones held together w ligament (ex: ulna+radius)
,What are the types of solid, CARTILAGENOUS joints? - ANSWER
Sychondrosis: connection with hyaline cartilages (ex: ribs to sternum)
Symphysis: connection with fibrocartilage (ex: intervertebral discs, pelvic
symphysis
What are the components of synovial joints? - ANSWER fibrous membrane
(tough layer), synovial membrane (produces fluid), articular cartilage (lines
bones, prevents friction).
What is the kind of synovial joint that's not like the others? (think axis of
movement) - ANSWER Plane/gliding joint. Ex: zygopophyseal, acromion of
scap + clavicle
What are the kinds of synovial, MULTIAXIAL joints? - ANSWER Ball and
Socket: literally a ball and socket. Ex: shoulder, hip
What are the structures that make up muscles, in order of ascending size? -
ANSWER Actin + Myosin < sarcomeres < myofibrils < muscle fibres < fasicles
< skeletal muscle tendons
attach muscle to bone.
What stimulates the muscles to contract? - ANSWER Motor neurons
What is a motor unit? - ANSWER one nerve innervating multiple muscle
fibres.
Out of actin and myosin, which one moves with movement and which one stays
in place? - ANSWER Actin moves, myosin stays in place.
What is reflexive contraction? - ANSWER A contraction done by automatic
control, for example when eyelids do their thing
What are the kinds of synovial, UNIAXIAL joints? - ANSWER Pivot: pivots
around an axis. Ex: atlantoaxial joint
Hinge: literally like a hinge. Ex: elbow joint
, What are the kinds of synovial, BIAXIAL joint? - ANSWER Saddle: think
monkey grip. Ex: thumb
Condyloid: think spooning. Slightly less range of motion than saddle. Ex: 1st
knuckle joints.
What is tonic muscle contraction? - ANSWER A constant slight contraction,
such as in the back muscles.
What is phasic contraction? What are the two kinds of phasic contraction? -
ANSWER ACTIVE contraction.
Isometric and isotonic phasic contraction.
What is isometric contraction? - ANSWER When the muscle contracts but does
NOT SHORTEN at all. Ex: holding a weight, flexing
What is an antagonist muscle? - ANSWER The muscle that controls/slows
down the movement through contraction
What is a synergist muscle? - ANSWER additional muscles that assist in
agonist function
What must a muscle do in order to exert force on a joint? - ANSWER It must
cross that joint.
Can the origin or attachment point for a muscle move? - ANSWER The
insertion. The origin stays put.
How many cervical vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 5
What is isotonic contraction? What are the two types of isotonic contraction? -
ANSWER When the muscle changes length!!
ANSWERS | LATEST UPDATED 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ |
GUARANTEED SUCCESS.
347 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the components of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Bone, cartilage,
ligaments
What are the functions of the skeletal system? - ANSWER Support, storage of
minerals, blood cell production, protection, leverage
What are the components of the muscular system? - ANSWER Muscle,
tendons, motor units
What are the functions of the muscular system? - ANSWER Produce skeletal
movement, maintain posture + body position, regulate opening and closing of
orfices, maintains body temp
Describe flat bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Two plates of compact bone
separated by spongy bone. EX: Skull
Describe sesamoid bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Round/oval, within
tendons. EX: patella, only bone not connected to another via ligament
Describe irregular bones. Give an example. - ANSWER complex shapes,
notched or ridged. EX: vertebrae
Describe long bones. Give an example. - ANSWER Long, slender, tubular. EX:
humerus, femur
Describe short bones. Give an example. - ANSWER short and cuboid. EX:
carpal bones
,Define foramen - ANSWER an opening or hole
Define fossa - ANSWER a shallow depression
Define facet - ANSWER a small articular surface
Define condyle - ANSWER round prominence at the end of a bone, often for
articulation ('knuckle')
Define epicondyle - ANSWER round projection ABOVE A CONDYLE serving
for ligament and tendon attachment
What comprises the axial skeleton? - ANSWER skull, vertebral column, ribs,
sternum
What comprises the appendicular skeleton? - ANSWER pectoral girdle, pelvic
girdle, upper + lower limbs
Define process - ANSWER an outgrowth or bony projection
Define tubercle - ANSWER round nodule, small eminence/outgrowth often or
articulation or muscle attachment
Define tuberosity - ANSWER rough projection on bony surface
Define solid joint - ANSWER a joint where there is no movement, connected
by a fibrous bridge/connective tissue.
What are the two major subsets of solid joints? - ANSWER Fibrous: A joint
using ligaments.
Cartilagenous: A joint using cartilage
What are the types of solid, FIBROUS joints? - ANSWER Gomphosis: tooth in
socket via peridontal ligs
Suture: interlocking bones w ligaments (ex: skull)
Syndesmosis: two bones held together w ligament (ex: ulna+radius)
,What are the types of solid, CARTILAGENOUS joints? - ANSWER
Sychondrosis: connection with hyaline cartilages (ex: ribs to sternum)
Symphysis: connection with fibrocartilage (ex: intervertebral discs, pelvic
symphysis
What are the components of synovial joints? - ANSWER fibrous membrane
(tough layer), synovial membrane (produces fluid), articular cartilage (lines
bones, prevents friction).
What is the kind of synovial joint that's not like the others? (think axis of
movement) - ANSWER Plane/gliding joint. Ex: zygopophyseal, acromion of
scap + clavicle
What are the kinds of synovial, MULTIAXIAL joints? - ANSWER Ball and
Socket: literally a ball and socket. Ex: shoulder, hip
What are the structures that make up muscles, in order of ascending size? -
ANSWER Actin + Myosin < sarcomeres < myofibrils < muscle fibres < fasicles
< skeletal muscle tendons
attach muscle to bone.
What stimulates the muscles to contract? - ANSWER Motor neurons
What is a motor unit? - ANSWER one nerve innervating multiple muscle
fibres.
Out of actin and myosin, which one moves with movement and which one stays
in place? - ANSWER Actin moves, myosin stays in place.
What is reflexive contraction? - ANSWER A contraction done by automatic
control, for example when eyelids do their thing
What are the kinds of synovial, UNIAXIAL joints? - ANSWER Pivot: pivots
around an axis. Ex: atlantoaxial joint
Hinge: literally like a hinge. Ex: elbow joint
, What are the kinds of synovial, BIAXIAL joint? - ANSWER Saddle: think
monkey grip. Ex: thumb
Condyloid: think spooning. Slightly less range of motion than saddle. Ex: 1st
knuckle joints.
What is tonic muscle contraction? - ANSWER A constant slight contraction,
such as in the back muscles.
What is phasic contraction? What are the two kinds of phasic contraction? -
ANSWER ACTIVE contraction.
Isometric and isotonic phasic contraction.
What is isometric contraction? - ANSWER When the muscle contracts but does
NOT SHORTEN at all. Ex: holding a weight, flexing
What is an antagonist muscle? - ANSWER The muscle that controls/slows
down the movement through contraction
What is a synergist muscle? - ANSWER additional muscles that assist in
agonist function
What must a muscle do in order to exert force on a joint? - ANSWER It must
cross that joint.
Can the origin or attachment point for a muscle move? - ANSWER The
insertion. The origin stays put.
How many cervical vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - ANSWER 5
What is isotonic contraction? What are the two types of isotonic contraction? -
ANSWER When the muscle changes length!!
