NUR 334 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1 || || || || ||
MOD 1 – 2 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
||
|| || || || || ||
There are some serious conditions, how-ever, that may
|| || || || || || || ||
require pharmacotherapy in patients who are pregnant
|| || || || || || ||
or lactating. For examples are
|| || || ||
if the patient has epilepsy, hypertension, or a psychiatric
|| || || || || || || || ||
disorder prior to the pregnancy, infections, UTI, STI
|| || || || || || ||
In general, drugs that are water soluble, ionized, or
|| || || || || || || || ||
bound to plasma proteins are --------------likely to cross the
|| || || || || || || || ||
placenta.
LESS or MORE || ||
LESS
The fetal membranes contain ----------------- that detoxify
|| || || || || || ||
certain substances as they attempt to cross the
|| || || || || || || ||
membrane.
enzymes
,During Pregnancy: ABSORPTION
|| ||
Hormonal changes as well as the pressure of the
|| || || || || || || || ||
expanding uterus on the blood supply to abdomi-nal
|| || || || || || || ||
organs
Increased levels of progesterone can delay gastric
|| || || || || || ||
emptying,
Gastric acidity is also decreased,
|| || || ||
Progesterone causes changes in the respiratory system || || || || || || ||
during pregnancy—increased tidal volume and
|| || || || ||
pulmonary vasodilation—that may cause inhaled drugs to
|| || || || || ||
be absorbed to a greater extent.
|| || || || || ||
During Pregnancy: DISTRIBUTION & METABOLISM
|| || || ||
The increased blood volume in the mother causes
|| || || || || || || ||
dilution of drugs and decreases plasma protein
|| || || || || || ||
concentrations, affecting drug distribution || || ||
Blood flow to the uterus, kidneys, and skin is increased
|| || || || || || || || || ||
whereas flow to the skel-etal muscles is diminished.
|| || || || || || ||
,Fat-soluble drugs are distributed into the lipid-rich || || || || || || ||
breast milk and may be passed to the lactating infant.
|| || || || || || || || ||
During Pregnancy:: EXCRETION || ||
By the third trimester of pregnancy, blood flow through
|| || || || || || || || ||
the mother's kidneys increases by over 50%. This
|| || || || || || || ||
increase has a direct effect on renal plasma flow,
|| || || || || || || || ||
glomerular filtration rate, and renal tubular absorption. || || || || || || ||
Thus, drug excretion rates may be increased, and doses
|| || || || || || || || ||
of many medications may need to be adjusted
|| || || || || || ||
A teratogen
||
is a substance, organism, or physical agent to which an
|| || || || || || || || || ||
embryo or fetus is exposed that produces a per-manent
|| || || || || || || || ||
abnormality in structure or function, causes growth || || || || || || ||
retardation, or results in death. || || || ||
Potential fetal consequences include || || ||
, intrauterine fetal death, physical malformations, growth
|| || || || || ||
impairment, behav-ioral abnormalities, and neonatal
|| || || || ||
toxicity.
Preimplantation period. ||
Weeks 1 to 2 of the first trimes-ter are known as the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
preimplantation period. Before implantation, the || || || || ||
developing embryo has not yet estab-lished a physical
|| || || || || || || ||
connection to the mother. This is some-times called the
|| || || || || || || ||
"all-or-none" period because exposure to a teratogen
|| || || || || || || ||
either causes death of the embryo or has no effect.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Drugs such as nicotine, however, can create a negative
|| || || || || || || || ||
environ-ment for the embryo and potentially cause || || || || || || ||
intrauterine growth retardation. || ||
Embryonic period. ||
During the embryonic period, from 3 to 8 weeks
|| || || || || || || || ||
postconception, there is rapid development of internal || || || || || || ||
structures. This is the period of maximum sensitivity to
|| || || || || || || || ||
teratogens.
Fetal period.
||
MOD 1 – 2 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
||
|| || || || || ||
There are some serious conditions, how-ever, that may
|| || || || || || || ||
require pharmacotherapy in patients who are pregnant
|| || || || || || ||
or lactating. For examples are
|| || || ||
if the patient has epilepsy, hypertension, or a psychiatric
|| || || || || || || || ||
disorder prior to the pregnancy, infections, UTI, STI
|| || || || || || ||
In general, drugs that are water soluble, ionized, or
|| || || || || || || || ||
bound to plasma proteins are --------------likely to cross the
|| || || || || || || || ||
placenta.
LESS or MORE || ||
LESS
The fetal membranes contain ----------------- that detoxify
|| || || || || || ||
certain substances as they attempt to cross the
|| || || || || || || ||
membrane.
enzymes
,During Pregnancy: ABSORPTION
|| ||
Hormonal changes as well as the pressure of the
|| || || || || || || || ||
expanding uterus on the blood supply to abdomi-nal
|| || || || || || || ||
organs
Increased levels of progesterone can delay gastric
|| || || || || || ||
emptying,
Gastric acidity is also decreased,
|| || || ||
Progesterone causes changes in the respiratory system || || || || || || ||
during pregnancy—increased tidal volume and
|| || || || ||
pulmonary vasodilation—that may cause inhaled drugs to
|| || || || || ||
be absorbed to a greater extent.
|| || || || || ||
During Pregnancy: DISTRIBUTION & METABOLISM
|| || || ||
The increased blood volume in the mother causes
|| || || || || || || ||
dilution of drugs and decreases plasma protein
|| || || || || || ||
concentrations, affecting drug distribution || || ||
Blood flow to the uterus, kidneys, and skin is increased
|| || || || || || || || || ||
whereas flow to the skel-etal muscles is diminished.
|| || || || || || ||
,Fat-soluble drugs are distributed into the lipid-rich || || || || || || ||
breast milk and may be passed to the lactating infant.
|| || || || || || || || ||
During Pregnancy:: EXCRETION || ||
By the third trimester of pregnancy, blood flow through
|| || || || || || || || ||
the mother's kidneys increases by over 50%. This
|| || || || || || || ||
increase has a direct effect on renal plasma flow,
|| || || || || || || || ||
glomerular filtration rate, and renal tubular absorption. || || || || || || ||
Thus, drug excretion rates may be increased, and doses
|| || || || || || || || ||
of many medications may need to be adjusted
|| || || || || || ||
A teratogen
||
is a substance, organism, or physical agent to which an
|| || || || || || || || || ||
embryo or fetus is exposed that produces a per-manent
|| || || || || || || || ||
abnormality in structure or function, causes growth || || || || || || ||
retardation, or results in death. || || || ||
Potential fetal consequences include || || ||
, intrauterine fetal death, physical malformations, growth
|| || || || || ||
impairment, behav-ioral abnormalities, and neonatal
|| || || || ||
toxicity.
Preimplantation period. ||
Weeks 1 to 2 of the first trimes-ter are known as the
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
preimplantation period. Before implantation, the || || || || ||
developing embryo has not yet estab-lished a physical
|| || || || || || || ||
connection to the mother. This is some-times called the
|| || || || || || || ||
"all-or-none" period because exposure to a teratogen
|| || || || || || || ||
either causes death of the embryo or has no effect.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Drugs such as nicotine, however, can create a negative
|| || || || || || || || ||
environ-ment for the embryo and potentially cause || || || || || || ||
intrauterine growth retardation. || ||
Embryonic period. ||
During the embryonic period, from 3 to 8 weeks
|| || || || || || || || ||
postconception, there is rapid development of internal || || || || || || ||
structures. This is the period of maximum sensitivity to
|| || || || || || || || ||
teratogens.
Fetal period.
||
