AUTOMATED TEST FRAMEWORK ATF
FUNDAMENTALS MICRO CERTIFICATION
2023 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during
ischemia cause cells to do?
a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)
b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)
c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO). Answer: ANS: C
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
potassium (Na+ -K + ) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail,
which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+ -K + pump is discussed
in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and
cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe the
result of ATP at the cellular level.
⩥ The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a
consequence of what hormonal process?
a. Atrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Anaplasia
,d. Dysplasia. Answer: ANS: B
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such
as the uterus and breast. Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular
size. Anaplasia is a condition of poor cellular differentiation, a
characteristic of cancer cells. Dysplasia is a change in the size, shape,
and organization of mature cells
⩥ . Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases?
a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart
disease
b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn
disease
d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia.
Answer: ANS: A
Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in
the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, and chronic heart failure. Free radical damage is not a
contributing mechanism for the renal, gastrointestinal, or muscular
diseases listed.
⩥ . How do free radicals cause cell damage?
a. Stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing
hypoxia
,b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell
membranes
c. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane,
which causes lysis
d. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of
the cell membrane. Answer: ANS: D
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious
chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates—key molecules
in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radical damage is not caused by
hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring atoms.
⩥ What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
a. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
c. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP
production.
d. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the
infrastructure.. Answer: ANS: B
Calcium alterations are an important mechanism of cell injury and death.
Cell membrane injury leads to calcium influx into the cell. An influx of
calcium ions from the extracellular compartment activates multiple
enzyme systems, resulting in cytoskeleton disruption, membrane
, damage, activation of inflammation, and eventually DNA degradation.
Calcium ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria
to swell, which is an occurrence that is associated with irreversible
cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can no longer generate ATP, but
they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. Mitochondrial
consequences of cell membrane damage do not include enzymatic dige
⩥ What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury?
a. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting
DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP
production.
c. Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the
cell.
d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the
cytoskeleton.. Answer: ANS: A
Acid hydrolases from leaking lysosomes are activated in the reduced pH
of the injured cell and they digest cytoplasmic and nuclear components.
Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria, edema of Golgi bodies,
and calcium destruction of the cytoskeleton are not a consequence of
leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury.
⩥ Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of
what?
a. Sodium and chloride
FUNDAMENTALS MICRO CERTIFICATION
2023 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
⩥ What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during
ischemia cause cells to do?
a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)
b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)
c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO). Answer: ANS: C
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
potassium (Na+ -K + ) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail,
which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+ -K + pump is discussed
in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and
cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe the
result of ATP at the cellular level.
⩥ The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a
consequence of what hormonal process?
a. Atrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Anaplasia
,d. Dysplasia. Answer: ANS: B
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such
as the uterus and breast. Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular
size. Anaplasia is a condition of poor cellular differentiation, a
characteristic of cancer cells. Dysplasia is a change in the size, shape,
and organization of mature cells
⩥ . Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of
which diseases?
a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart
disease
b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn
disease
d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia.
Answer: ANS: A
Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in
the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated
with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart
disease, and chronic heart failure. Free radical damage is not a
contributing mechanism for the renal, gastrointestinal, or muscular
diseases listed.
⩥ . How do free radicals cause cell damage?
a. Stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing
hypoxia
,b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell
membranes
c. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane,
which causes lysis
d. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of
the cell membrane. Answer: ANS: D
A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having
an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, the molecule gives up an electron to another
molecule or steals one. Therefore it is capable of forming injurious
chemical bonds with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates—key molecules
in membranes and nucleic acids. Free radical damage is not caused by
hypoxia, lysosomal enzymes, or transferring atoms.
⩥ What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
a. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.
c. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP
production.
d. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the
infrastructure.. Answer: ANS: B
Calcium alterations are an important mechanism of cell injury and death.
Cell membrane injury leads to calcium influx into the cell. An influx of
calcium ions from the extracellular compartment activates multiple
enzyme systems, resulting in cytoskeleton disruption, membrane
, damage, activation of inflammation, and eventually DNA degradation.
Calcium ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria
to swell, which is an occurrence that is associated with irreversible
cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can no longer generate ATP, but
they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. Mitochondrial
consequences of cell membrane damage do not include enzymatic dige
⩥ What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during
chemical injury?
a. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting
DNA synthesis.
b. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP
production.
c. Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the
cell.
d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the
cytoskeleton.. Answer: ANS: A
Acid hydrolases from leaking lysosomes are activated in the reduced pH
of the injured cell and they digest cytoplasmic and nuclear components.
Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria, edema of Golgi bodies,
and calcium destruction of the cytoskeleton are not a consequence of
leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury.
⩥ Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of
what?
a. Sodium and chloride
