Infectious Disease Manual
Infectious Diseases of Concern to
Captive and Free Ranging Wildlife in
North America
An official publication of the
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Animal Health and Welfare Committee
Updated April 2020
Edited by
Paige Brock, DVM, DACZM, cVMA
Gretchen Cole, DVM, DACZM, DECZM (ZHM)
and
Richard Sim, DVM, DACZM
,Introduction:
This publication was designed as a starting reference point for information on the
infectious diseases that affect zoo and wild animal species captively housed or
free-ranging in North America. This volume complements a similar dynamic and
routinely-updated version that exists for the same populations in Europe. While
each sheet has been peer-reviewed, often by a topic expert, these fact sheets are not
intended to be used as an exclusive source of information, but rather provide quick
reference of basic disease properties and concerns. These fact sheets also highlight
diagnostics, laboratories, specialists, and treatment recommendations for clinicians,
pathologists, and wildlife biologists that encounter an infectious disease.
This compendium acts as a common resource and point of information for this discipline.
It is important to remember that these fact sheets are not to replace state or federal
regulations. As such, they are not legally enforceable documents or required
standards of care.
,From the Editors
We hope that you find the information in this manual helpful. There have been
some changes made since the last update of the Infectious Disease Manual. For
example, the links to US state reportable diseases have been removed as this
information is now easily searchable on the internet. We feel that it is impossible
to maintain up-to-date information on these topics in such a quickly changing
world. We encourage our readers to contact the specialists listed on each factsheet
to obtain the most current information about a disease.
We would like to thank the many authors and reviewers who have contributed to
this updated edition as well as the previous editions of this manual. We also thank
Melanie Pearson, Class of 2021, who assisted with the formatting/technical editing
of many of the updates. Without the hard work by so many people, this manual
would not be possible.
Please note that we have elected to update this manual in stages so fact sheets have
been updated between 2013 through 2020. The date of the most recent update is
noted on the first page of each fact sheet. We will continue to update this
publication regularly as new updates become available.
If you find any broken links within this document, please let us know so that we
can attempt to correct the issue. If you would like to contribute as a new factsheet
author, updating author, or reviewer, we would also love to hear from you. We can
be reached at (Paige Brock),
(Gretchen Cole), and (Richard Sim).
, Table of Contents
Click on the name of each disease to be taken to the disease factsheet.
Acanthamoebiasis Campylobacteriosis
Acanthocephalosis Canine Distemper Virus
Actinobacillus lignieresii (“Wooden Tongue”) formerly Chrysosporium anamorph of
Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”) Nannizziopsis vriesii
Adenovirus Caprine Infectious Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus
Aeromonas (“Red Leg”) Chagas' disease
African Horse Sickness See Trypanosoma cruzi
African Swine Fever Chimp Coryza
Aleutian Disease Virus See Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Anaplasmosis Chlamydiophila abortus (“Enzootic Abortion”)
Anatrichosoma Chlamydiosis/Chlamydophilosis
Angiostrongylus Chronic Wasting Disease
Anthrax Circovirus
Aspergillosis See Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
Avian Bornavirus Chytridiomycosis
Avian Influenza Classical Swine Fever
Avian Poxvirus Clostridial disease
Babesia sp. - Botulism toxicosis
Balantidium coli - Tetanus
Baylisascaris Coccidioidomycosis
Bertiellosis Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Blastomycosis Contagious Ecthyma (“Orf”)
Bluetongue Virus Coronavirus
Bordetella Cowpox
Borreiliosis (“Lyme Disease”) Coxiella burnetti (“Q Fever”)
Botulism toxicosis Cryptococcosis
See Clostridial disease – Botulism Cryptosporidiosis
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Cytauxzoon
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Cytomegalovirus
Brucellosis Dermatophytosis (“Ringworm”)
- Bovine Dirofilaria immitis (“Heartworm Disease”)
- Marine Mammal Eastern Equine Encephalitis
- Porcine Ebola/Reston virus
Callitrichid Hepatitis Virus Echinococcosis
See Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Edwardsiellosis
Virus
Infectious Diseases of Concern to
Captive and Free Ranging Wildlife in
North America
An official publication of the
American Association of Zoo Veterinarians
Animal Health and Welfare Committee
Updated April 2020
Edited by
Paige Brock, DVM, DACZM, cVMA
Gretchen Cole, DVM, DACZM, DECZM (ZHM)
and
Richard Sim, DVM, DACZM
,Introduction:
This publication was designed as a starting reference point for information on the
infectious diseases that affect zoo and wild animal species captively housed or
free-ranging in North America. This volume complements a similar dynamic and
routinely-updated version that exists for the same populations in Europe. While
each sheet has been peer-reviewed, often by a topic expert, these fact sheets are not
intended to be used as an exclusive source of information, but rather provide quick
reference of basic disease properties and concerns. These fact sheets also highlight
diagnostics, laboratories, specialists, and treatment recommendations for clinicians,
pathologists, and wildlife biologists that encounter an infectious disease.
This compendium acts as a common resource and point of information for this discipline.
It is important to remember that these fact sheets are not to replace state or federal
regulations. As such, they are not legally enforceable documents or required
standards of care.
,From the Editors
We hope that you find the information in this manual helpful. There have been
some changes made since the last update of the Infectious Disease Manual. For
example, the links to US state reportable diseases have been removed as this
information is now easily searchable on the internet. We feel that it is impossible
to maintain up-to-date information on these topics in such a quickly changing
world. We encourage our readers to contact the specialists listed on each factsheet
to obtain the most current information about a disease.
We would like to thank the many authors and reviewers who have contributed to
this updated edition as well as the previous editions of this manual. We also thank
Melanie Pearson, Class of 2021, who assisted with the formatting/technical editing
of many of the updates. Without the hard work by so many people, this manual
would not be possible.
Please note that we have elected to update this manual in stages so fact sheets have
been updated between 2013 through 2020. The date of the most recent update is
noted on the first page of each fact sheet. We will continue to update this
publication regularly as new updates become available.
If you find any broken links within this document, please let us know so that we
can attempt to correct the issue. If you would like to contribute as a new factsheet
author, updating author, or reviewer, we would also love to hear from you. We can
be reached at (Paige Brock),
(Gretchen Cole), and (Richard Sim).
, Table of Contents
Click on the name of each disease to be taken to the disease factsheet.
Acanthamoebiasis Campylobacteriosis
Acanthocephalosis Canine Distemper Virus
Actinobacillus lignieresii (“Wooden Tongue”) formerly Chrysosporium anamorph of
Actinomycosis (“Lumpy Jaw”) Nannizziopsis vriesii
Adenovirus Caprine Infectious Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus
Aeromonas (“Red Leg”) Chagas' disease
African Horse Sickness See Trypanosoma cruzi
African Swine Fever Chimp Coryza
Aleutian Disease Virus See Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Anaplasmosis Chlamydiophila abortus (“Enzootic Abortion”)
Anatrichosoma Chlamydiosis/Chlamydophilosis
Angiostrongylus Chronic Wasting Disease
Anthrax Circovirus
Aspergillosis See Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
Avian Bornavirus Chytridiomycosis
Avian Influenza Classical Swine Fever
Avian Poxvirus Clostridial disease
Babesia sp. - Botulism toxicosis
Balantidium coli - Tetanus
Baylisascaris Coccidioidomycosis
Bertiellosis Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Blastomycosis Contagious Ecthyma (“Orf”)
Bluetongue Virus Coronavirus
Bordetella Cowpox
Borreiliosis (“Lyme Disease”) Coxiella burnetti (“Q Fever”)
Botulism toxicosis Cryptococcosis
See Clostridial disease – Botulism Cryptosporidiosis
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Cytauxzoon
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Cytomegalovirus
Brucellosis Dermatophytosis (“Ringworm”)
- Bovine Dirofilaria immitis (“Heartworm Disease”)
- Marine Mammal Eastern Equine Encephalitis
- Porcine Ebola/Reston virus
Callitrichid Hepatitis Virus Echinococcosis
See Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Edwardsiellosis
Virus
