GMS 6440 FUNDAMENTALS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - ANS False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ANS True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but
only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ANS True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-
right ventricle. - ANS False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - ANS False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - ANS True
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,T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. -
ANS False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-
proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - ANS False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of
many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ANS True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - ANS True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes
of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ANS False
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping
myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ANS In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - ANS passive
through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
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,- in the extracellular fluid - ANS In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ANS from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low
concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - ANS True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ANS False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but
independently. - ANS True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS at
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential
across a cell membrane? - ANS Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is
controlled by the concentration gradient. - ANS True
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, T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus
chemical concentration gradients - ANS True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration
differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to
K+ is very high. - ANS true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's
"resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - ANS K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular
potassium ion concentration. - ANS True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as
ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ANS True
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a
condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - ANS True
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - ANS False
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - ANS False
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids -
ANS False
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 4
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
2026 EDITION
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement. - ANS False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type. - ANS True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but
only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces. - ANS True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-
right ventricle. - ANS False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung. - ANS False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli. - ANS True
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 1
,T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders. -
ANS False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-
proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct. - ANS False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of
many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis. - ANS True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors. - ANS True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes
of Ranvier where action potential is insulated. - ANS False
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping
myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely
moving across the membrane? - ANS Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid - ANS In the cytoplasm
Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________. - ANS passive
through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 2
,- in the extracellular fluid - ANS In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a
membrane: - ANS from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur? - ANS ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes. - ANS False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low
concentration to a compartment of high concentration. - ANS True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a
compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration. - ANS False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport. - ANS False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but
independently. - ANS True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist? - ANS at
equilibrium
What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential
across a cell membrane? - ANS Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is
controlled by the concentration gradient. - ANS True
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 3
, T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus
chemical concentration gradients - ANS True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration
differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to
K+ is very high. - ANS true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's
"resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+ - ANS K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular
potassium ion concentration. - ANS True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as
ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane. - ANS True
T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a
condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma). - ANS True
T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water. - ANS False
~60% water
T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells. - ANS False
It is extracellular
T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids -
ANS False
@COPYRIGHT 2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED 4
