NSG 3800 Exam 2 AH2 Notes: Infection, Inflammation, and Perfusion Disorders – 2026 Update with complete solutions - Galen College of Nursing.

NSG 3800 Exam 2 AH2 Notes: Infection,
Inflammation, and Perfusion Disorders – 2026
Update with complete solutions - Galen College of
Nursing.



NSG 3800 Exam 2 Study Guide: Infection, Inflammation, & Perfusion
100 Questions with Complete Solutions


SECTION 1: Foundations of Infection Control (Questions 1-15)
Question 1
A nurse is educating a patient about the body's first line of defense against
infection. Which of the following should the nurse include?
A) Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes
B) The inflammatory response
C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
D) Memory T-cells
Correct Answer = C) Intact skin and mucous membranes
Explanation: The body's first line of defense is physical and chemical barriers,
including intact skin, mucous membranes, tears, and saliva. These provide
nonspecific, innate immunity. Antibodies and the inflammatory response are
secondary defenses .


Question 2
Which of the following is the correct order of the chain of infection?

,A) Portal of entry → Susceptible host → Portal of exit → Mode of transmission →
Infectious agent → Reservoir
B) Infectious agent → Reservoir → Portal of exit → Mode of transmission → Portal
of entry → Susceptible host
C) Reservoir → Infectious agent → Mode of transmission → Portal of exit → Portal
of entry → Susceptible host
D) Susceptible host → Portal of entry → Mode of transmission → Portal of exit →
Reservoir → Infectious agent
Correct Answer = B) Infectious agent → Reservoir → Portal of exit → Mode of
transmission → Portal of entry → Susceptible host
Explanation: The chain of infection must be complete for an infection to occur. It
begins with the infectious agent (pathogen), which lives in a reservoir, exits
through a portal of exit, is transmitted via a mode of transmission, enters through
a portal of entry, and finally infects a susceptible host .


Question 3
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for cancer is at risk for which type of immune
dysfunction?
A) Exaggerated immune response
B) Suppressed immune response
C) Autoimmune response
D) Acute inflammatory response
Correct Answer = B) Suppressed immune response
Explanation: Chemotherapy weakens the immune system by reducing bone
marrow production of white blood cells, increasing susceptibility to infections due
to suppressed immunity .


Question 4
Which type of immunity provides immediate, nonspecific defense against foreign
antigens?

,A) Adaptive immunity
B) Humoral immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Passive immunity
Correct Answer = C) Innate immunity
Explanation: Innate immunity is the body's first response, providing immediate,
nonspecific defense. Examples include the skin, cough reflex, mucus, and tears .


Question 5
A nurse is reviewing laboratory results for a patient with a bacterial infection.
Which finding would the nurse expect?
A) Decreased white blood cell count
B) Elevated neutrophils
C) Decreased C-reactive protein
D) Low erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Correct Answer = B) Elevated neutrophils
Explanation: Neutrophils are the primary WBCs that respond to bacterial
infection. An elevated neutrophil count (neutrophilia) is expected in acute
bacterial infections .


Question 6
Which of the following is an example of a portal of exit in the chain of infection?
A) Contaminated food
B) A mosquito
C) Respiratory tract
D) Immunosuppression
Correct Answer = C) Respiratory tract
Explanation: The portal of exit is how the pathogen leaves the reservoir. Examples
include the respiratory tract (through coughing/sneezing), GI tract (feces), GU
tract (urine/semen), and broken skin .

, Question 7
A patient with pneumonia is coughing and expelling droplets containing bacteria.
This represents which link in the chain of infection?
A) Reservoir
B) Portal of exit
C) Mode of transmission
D) Portal of entry
Correct Answer = B) Portal of exit
Explanation: When the patient coughs, the bacteria leave the respiratory tract,
which serves as the portal of exit. The droplets themselves are the mode of
transmission .


Question 8
Which patient is at greatest risk for developing an infection?
A) A patient who ambulates three times daily
B) A patient with an intact immune system
C) A patient with an indwelling urinary catheter
D) A patient who eats a balanced diet
Correct Answer = C) A patient with an indwelling urinary catheter
Explanation: Invasive medical devices like urinary catheters bypass the body's
natural defenses and provide a direct portal of entry for pathogens, significantly
increasing infection risk .


Question 9
A nurse is teaching a patient about the difference between bacteria and viruses.
Which statement is correct?
A) "Viruses can be treated with antibiotics."
B) "Bacteria are living organisms that can reproduce on their own."