SCI 225 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE FINAL
EXAM STUDY SET PROCTORED 2026
◉ Virchow triad. Answer: Three factors that contribute to
thrombosis: 1) Endothelial injury, 2) Blood stasis/abnormal flow,
and 3) Hypercoagulability.
◉ Atherosclerosis. Answer: Chronic inflammatory condition
characterized by plaque buildup in arterial walls, consisting of lipids,
inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue.
◉ Thrombus. Answer: Stationary blood clot attached to vessel wall.
◉ Embolus. Answer: Mobile clot/foreign material that travels
through bloodstream until lodging elsewhere.
◉ DIC laboratory tests. Answer: Elevated D-dimer, prolonged
PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, decreased platelets, presence of
schistocytes on blood smear.
◉ Shift-to-the-left phenomena. Answer: Increased immature
neutrophils in circulation, indicating acute infection or
inflammation.
, ◉ Polycythemia pathophysiology. Answer: Increased red blood cell
production, either primary (genetic mutation, often JAK2) or
secondary (response to hypoxia).
◉ Multiple myeloma. Answer: Bone pain, pathologic fractures,
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia; evaluated by SPEP, bone
marrow biopsy.
◉ Leukemias. Answer: Fatigue, bleeding, infections, bone pain;
evaluated by CBC, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy.
◉ Burkitt lymphoma. Answer: Rapidly growing mass, often
abdominal; evaluated by biopsy, imaging.
◉ Leukemia pathophysiology. Answer: Uncontrolled proliferation of
white blood cell precursors.
◉ DIC pathophysiology. Answer: Excessive activation of coagulation
causing microvascular thrombosis and subsequent consumption of
clotting factors.
◉ Essential thrombocythemia. Answer: Excessive platelet
production due to stem cell mutations.
EXAM STUDY SET PROCTORED 2026
◉ Virchow triad. Answer: Three factors that contribute to
thrombosis: 1) Endothelial injury, 2) Blood stasis/abnormal flow,
and 3) Hypercoagulability.
◉ Atherosclerosis. Answer: Chronic inflammatory condition
characterized by plaque buildup in arterial walls, consisting of lipids,
inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue.
◉ Thrombus. Answer: Stationary blood clot attached to vessel wall.
◉ Embolus. Answer: Mobile clot/foreign material that travels
through bloodstream until lodging elsewhere.
◉ DIC laboratory tests. Answer: Elevated D-dimer, prolonged
PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen, decreased platelets, presence of
schistocytes on blood smear.
◉ Shift-to-the-left phenomena. Answer: Increased immature
neutrophils in circulation, indicating acute infection or
inflammation.
, ◉ Polycythemia pathophysiology. Answer: Increased red blood cell
production, either primary (genetic mutation, often JAK2) or
secondary (response to hypoxia).
◉ Multiple myeloma. Answer: Bone pain, pathologic fractures,
hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia; evaluated by SPEP, bone
marrow biopsy.
◉ Leukemias. Answer: Fatigue, bleeding, infections, bone pain;
evaluated by CBC, peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy.
◉ Burkitt lymphoma. Answer: Rapidly growing mass, often
abdominal; evaluated by biopsy, imaging.
◉ Leukemia pathophysiology. Answer: Uncontrolled proliferation of
white blood cell precursors.
◉ DIC pathophysiology. Answer: Excessive activation of coagulation
causing microvascular thrombosis and subsequent consumption of
clotting factors.
◉ Essential thrombocythemia. Answer: Excessive platelet
production due to stem cell mutations.
