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Trans-Mississippi West
What: Region west of the Mississippi River settled after the Civil War.
Cause: Federal policies + railroads opened land; demand for resources.
Effect: Rapid migration, displacement of Native peoples, rise of commercial farming and mining.
Transcontinental Railroad
What: The transcontinental railroad was a railway line completed in 1869 that connected the
eastern United States to the western territories.
Cause: It was built to promote westward expansion, improve transportation and trade, and
unify the nation after years of sectional division.
Effect: The railroad accelerated settlement of the West, boosted national commerce, and
intensified the displacement of Native American tribes.
Union and Central Pacific Railroads
What: The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads were the two companies that built the
transcontinental railroad, meeting at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869.
Cause: They were authorized and funded by the U.S. government to construct a railroad linking
the East and West and to encourage national expansion and economic growth.
Effect: Their completion transformed transportation and trade, sped up western settlement,
and increased conflicts with Native American nations. (The central pacific scammed the gov into
giving them more money by claiming the flat land was mountainous).
Republican Vision
Republicans during industrialization envisioned a strong, modern nation built on industry, free
labor, and capitalism, where hard work could lead to upward mobility. They supported
,protective tariffs, railroads, and a business-friendly federal government to promote economic
growth and national power.
Pacific Railway Act (1862)
What: The Pacific Railway Act (1862) was a federal law that authorized the construction of a
transcontinental railroad by providing land grants and loans to private railroad companies.
Cause: It was passed to promote westward expansion, strengthen the national economy, and
unite the country during the Civil War.
Effect: The act accelerated industrial growth, settlement of the West, and national trade, while
also contributing to the displacement of Native American tribes.
Homestead Act 1862
What: The Homestead Act of 1862 was a federal law that granted 160 acres of public land to
settlers who lived on and improved it for five years.
Cause: It was passed to encourage westward settlement, expand farming, and promote
economic opportunity for ordinary Americans.
Effect: The act sped up western expansion and agricultural growth while contributing to the
displacement of Native American tribes and environmental change.
Helen Hunt Jackson - A Century of Dishonor 1881
What: A Century of Dishonor (1881) was a book by Helen Hunt Jackson that exposed the U.S.
government’s mistreatment of Native American tribes.
Cause: Jackson wrote it after learning about broken treaties and injustices committed against
Native Americans.
Effect: The book raised public awareness and influenced reform efforts, helping inspire later
changes in federal Indian policy.
West & Environmental Impact
What: Westward expansion had a major environmental impact by transforming natural
landscapes through farming, mining, railroads, and urban growth.
Cause: The push for land, resources, and economic opportunity during industrialization drove
settlers and businesses to heavily use western land.
Effect: This led to deforestation, soil depletion, wildlife loss (like the near-extinction of bison),
and long-term environmental damage.
, Fed Gov role in railroads
What: The federal government played an active role in railroad development by supporting and
fund thing the construction and expansion across the nation.
Cause: The government wanted to promote industrial growth, westward settlement, and
national unity.
Effect: Railroads expanded rapidly, boosting the economy and transportation, while increasing
corporate power and environmental and social impacts.
The Nez Perce & Chief Joseph 1879
What: A Native American nation whose leader, Chief Joseph, attempted to lead his people on a
long, strategic retreat toward Canada after refusing U.S. orders to move onto a smaller
reservation.
Cause: U.S. expansion into Nez Perce lands, broken treaties, and government attempts to
forcibly relocate them.
Effect: After months of fighting and a nearly successful escape, the Nez Perce surrendered; they
were relocated far from their homeland, symbolizing the tragic end of Native resistance in the
West.
Dawes Act 1887
What: The Dawes Act of 1887 was a federal law that divided Native American tribal lands into
individual allotments.
Cause: It was passed to promote assimilation of Native Americans into American society and
reduce tribal land ownership.
Effect: The act resulted in massive loss of Native land, weakened tribal governments, and
deepened poverty among Native communities.
The Great Plains Indian wars
What: A series of conflicts from the 1850s to 1890s between Native American tribes of the
Great Plains and the United States.
Cause: Westward expansion, broken treaties, and the destruction of buffalo forced Native
Americans off their lands.
Effect: Native tribes were largely defeated, confined to reservations, and their traditional ways
of life were devastated.