LATEST UPDATE 2026
Herpes Simplex - Answers Infection has a prodrome of skin tingling and sensitivity. Lesion then erupts
with tight vesicles followed by pustules and produces acute gingivostomatitis with many shallow,
painful ulcers. Common location is upper lip; also in oral mucosa and tongue.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) - Answers Small, grouped vesicles emerge along route of cutaneous sensory
nerve, then pustules, then crusts. A reactivation of the dormant virus of chickenpox. Most common in
adults older than 50 years.
Pallor assessed (dark complexion) - Answers The brown-skinned individual shows yellowish-brown
color, and the black-skinned person appears ashen or gray. Can be observed in the mucous
membranes, lips, and nail beds.
Cyanosis assessed (dark complexion) - Answers Dark blue, dull color. Check conjunctivae, oral
mucosa, nail beds
Erythema assessed (dark complexion) - Answers Palpate the skin for increased warmth or taut or
tightly pulled surfaces that may indicate edema and hardening of deep tissues or blood vessels.
Jaundice - Answers A yellowish skin color indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood. Occurs
with hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle-cell disease, transfusion reaction, and hemolytic disease of the
newborn. Can be assessed in the scleral
Carotenemia - Answers Produces a yellow-orange color in light-skinned persons but no yellowing in
the sclera or mucous membranes. It comes from ingesting large amounts of foods containing
carotene, a vitamin
Carotenemia Assessed - Answers Best seen on the palms and soles, forehead, tip of the nose and
nasolabial folds, chin, behind the ears, and over the knuckles; it fades to normal color within 2 to 6
weeks of withdrawing carotene-rich foods from the diet.
Uremia - Answers Renal failure causes retained urochrome pigments in the blood. Orange-green or
gray overlying pallor of anemia; may also have ecchymoses and purpura. Easily masked; rely on
laboratory and clinical findings
Petechiae - Answers A small (1-2 mm) red or purple spot on the skin, caused by a minor bleed from
broken capillary blood vessels.
Edema and Measurement scale - Answers Caused by fluid accumulating in the interstitial space. 4
point scale:
1+ Mild pitting; slight indentation; no perceptible swelling of the leg
2+ Moderate pitting; indentation subsides rapidly
3+ Deep pitting; indentation remains for a short time; leg looks swollen
4+ Very deep pitting; indentation lasts a long time; leg is very swollen
Acute pain - Answers When pain lasts only through the expected recovery. From illness, injury, or
surgery
Chronic pain - Answers When pain is prolonged usually reoccurring or persisting over six months or
longer and interferes with functioning. (i.e. Cluster headaches, low back pain, and myofascial pain
dysfunction)
Cutaneous pain - Answers Originates in the skin or subcutaneous tissue
Deep somatic pain - Answers Arises from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels and nerves.
Diffuses and intends to last longer than cutaneous pain. (Muscular, feeling sore)
Visereal Pain - Answers Caused by stimulation in the abdominal cavity, cranium and thoracic.
Frequently caused by stretching of tissues, ischemia, or muscle spasms
Referred pain - Answers Pain is felt in a part of the body that is considerably removed from the
tissues causing the pain.
Vitamin A - Answers Which vitamin deficiency causes dry, flakey, scaly skin and dry eye mucosa
Vitamin D - Answers Which vitamin deficiency can cause muscle weakness, osteomalacia, calcium
rickets and osteoporosis.
Subjective data - Answers What the person says about himself or herself during history taking
Objective data - Answers What you as the health professional observe by inspecting, percussing,
palpating, and auscultating during the physical examination
General survey - Answers Objective data that begins with the whole person, covering the general
health state and any obvious physical characteristics. (i.e general impression of the whole person, not
just one body system)