Page |1
6022 EXAM 4 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
Renal System Blueprint
Ans: Kidney, ureter, bladder anatomy plus GFR:
o Kidney anatomy: 1 question, GFR: 1 question
Renal blood flow, renal tubules, hormones, and tests of renal
function:
o Renal blood flow: 2 questions
o Hormones: 1 question
o Renal changes related to aging: 1 question
Obstructions, tumors, and UTIs:
o Obstructions: 1 question
o UTIs: 4 questions
Glomerular disorders, nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, acute
kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease:
o Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome: 1 question
o Glomerular disorders: 2 question
o Chronic kidney disease: 1 question
Alterations of renal and urinary tract function in children:
o Alterations of renal function: 1 question
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
Examine the purpose of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) clinically and
what it represents.
Ans: GFR= Filtration of plasma into the Bowman's capsule.
Directly related to the perfusion pressure in the glomerular
capillaries.
Favoring forces: Capillary Hydrostatic pressure.
GFR is the BEST estimate of kidney function. Clinically
determined by calculating creatinine clearance.
Examine the function of the nephron.
Ans: Functional unit of the kidney. Consists of the glomerulus
which includes the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted
tubule, loop of Henle descending and ascending, and distal
convoluted tubule.
Examine structures in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), its function
and how it carries out its function.
Ans: The afferent arteriole comes into contact with the distal
convoluted tubule. This allows the macula densa cells to
communicate with the juxtaglomerular cells. The macula cells
measure the sodium concentration of the urine that's getting
ready to be excreted, and if it's too high or too low, it's g oing to
regulate sodium concentration. This whole arrangement is
called the juxtaglomerular apparatus or JGA
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
Examine how renal blood flow (RBF) is maintained using
autoregulation mechanisms of myogenic mechanism and
tubuloglomerular feedback.
Ans: Autoregulation: The goal is to maintain a constant GFR at
any arterial pressure between 80 and 180.
- Myogenic Mechanism
-Tubuloglomerular feedback
The goal of both of these mechanisms is as the systemic blood
pressure increases, afferent arterioles constrict, preventing an
increase in filtration pressure. It prevents wide fluctuations in
the systemic arterial pressure from being transmitted to the
glomerular capillaries.
Myogenic Mechanism (Stretch)
Ans: As arterial pressure declines, stretch on the afferent
arteriolar smooth muscle decreases, the afferent arteriole
relaxes, and glomerular perfusion increases. This is going to
increase the renal perfusion, renal blood flow, and therefore
increase GFR.
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Ans: Uses the amount of sodium chloride, as determined by
macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule, to regulate
renal blood flow and GFR. High sodium chloride [NaCl] levels at
macula densa results in afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction.
This is going to reduce blood flow to the glomerular capillaries,
and that's going to, therefore, lower the GFR.
By lowering the GFR we're going to reduce the amount of
filtrate, including NaCl, flowing through the tubules .
Examine the function and role of the following hormones: renin, ADH
and aldosterone in regulating urine and plasma volume.
Ans: Renin: Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
ADH (Vasopressin): Angiotensin II stimulates the release while
it also stimulates thirst. When vasopressin production
increases, this causes an increase in water permeability of the
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
Aldosterone: Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of
aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone also works to
increase blood pressure, but aldosterone raises BP by
increasing sodium chloride reabsorption by the distal
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
6022 EXAM 4 Questions and Correct
Answers/ Latest Update / Already Graded
Renal System Blueprint
Ans: Kidney, ureter, bladder anatomy plus GFR:
o Kidney anatomy: 1 question, GFR: 1 question
Renal blood flow, renal tubules, hormones, and tests of renal
function:
o Renal blood flow: 2 questions
o Hormones: 1 question
o Renal changes related to aging: 1 question
Obstructions, tumors, and UTIs:
o Obstructions: 1 question
o UTIs: 4 questions
Glomerular disorders, nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, acute
kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease:
o Nephrotic and Nephritic syndrome: 1 question
o Glomerular disorders: 2 question
o Chronic kidney disease: 1 question
Alterations of renal and urinary tract function in children:
o Alterations of renal function: 1 question
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |2
Examine the purpose of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) clinically and
what it represents.
Ans: GFR= Filtration of plasma into the Bowman's capsule.
Directly related to the perfusion pressure in the glomerular
capillaries.
Favoring forces: Capillary Hydrostatic pressure.
GFR is the BEST estimate of kidney function. Clinically
determined by calculating creatinine clearance.
Examine the function of the nephron.
Ans: Functional unit of the kidney. Consists of the glomerulus
which includes the glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted
tubule, loop of Henle descending and ascending, and distal
convoluted tubule.
Examine structures in the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), its function
and how it carries out its function.
Ans: The afferent arteriole comes into contact with the distal
convoluted tubule. This allows the macula densa cells to
communicate with the juxtaglomerular cells. The macula cells
measure the sodium concentration of the urine that's getting
ready to be excreted, and if it's too high or too low, it's g oing to
regulate sodium concentration. This whole arrangement is
called the juxtaglomerular apparatus or JGA
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |3
Examine how renal blood flow (RBF) is maintained using
autoregulation mechanisms of myogenic mechanism and
tubuloglomerular feedback.
Ans: Autoregulation: The goal is to maintain a constant GFR at
any arterial pressure between 80 and 180.
- Myogenic Mechanism
-Tubuloglomerular feedback
The goal of both of these mechanisms is as the systemic blood
pressure increases, afferent arterioles constrict, preventing an
increase in filtration pressure. It prevents wide fluctuations in
the systemic arterial pressure from being transmitted to the
glomerular capillaries.
Myogenic Mechanism (Stretch)
Ans: As arterial pressure declines, stretch on the afferent
arteriolar smooth muscle decreases, the afferent arteriole
relaxes, and glomerular perfusion increases. This is going to
increase the renal perfusion, renal blood flow, and therefore
increase GFR.
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
, Page |4
Ans: Uses the amount of sodium chloride, as determined by
macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule, to regulate
renal blood flow and GFR. High sodium chloride [NaCl] levels at
macula densa results in afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction.
This is going to reduce blood flow to the glomerular capillaries,
and that's going to, therefore, lower the GFR.
By lowering the GFR we're going to reduce the amount of
filtrate, including NaCl, flowing through the tubules .
Examine the function and role of the following hormones: renin, ADH
and aldosterone in regulating urine and plasma volume.
Ans: Renin: Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
ADH (Vasopressin): Angiotensin II stimulates the release while
it also stimulates thirst. When vasopressin production
increases, this causes an increase in water permeability of the
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
Aldosterone: Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of
aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone also works to
increase blood pressure, but aldosterone raises BP by
increasing sodium chloride reabsorption by the distal
convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.
All rights reserved © 2025/ 2026 |
