ETHICS FINAL EXAM ACTUAL TEST PAPER
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ In a political context, what means equal access to public office and
equal treatment under the law? Answer: equality
⩥ The term "race" refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in
their biological inheritance and ____________. Answer: are distinct
from other groups.
⩥ Ethnicity" is a cultural feature and refers to a person's __. Answer:
_identification with a particular group___
⩥ Social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members
of racially categorized groups solely because of race are _____. Answer:
racism
⩥ Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and
practices of institutions operate to produce systematic and continuing
differences between racial groups? Answer: institutional racism
⩥ Petit apartheid is ______. Answer: racism by the community
,⩥ Much interaction between police and minorities may involve "petit
apartheid." This term means Answer: informal,low-visibility racism
⩥ The concept of "grand apartheid" (as distinguished from "petit
apartheid") refers to ________ racism in police interactions with
members of minority groups. Answer: overt
⩥ 10. What census year was used to justify discriminatory laws regarded
by whites as necessary until blacks were able to overcome legacy of
slavery through their own efforts? Answer: 1890
⩥ Discriminatory laws against blacks enforced by the courts until the
mid-1900s were known as ______. Answer: Jim Crow Laws
⩥ In which United States Supreme Court case did the Court rule that the
"separate but equal" doctrine in public schools? Answer: Brown v Board
of Education
⩥ Which group found that there are two justice systems at work in their
state's court; "one for whites, and a very different one for minorities and
the poor"? Answer: New York State Judicial Commission on Minorities
⩥ With regard to the contention of systematic racism in the criminal
justice system there is Answer: _no consensus among the
researches_____.
,⩥ Most research suggests that, while there is an absence of systematic
racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system _______.
Answer: _there is discrimination in some places at specific decison-
making points__
⩥ . Information collected by the organization Building Blocks for Youth
(2000) revealed that African Americans represent ______% of juvenile
arrests and ______% of the population nationwide. Answer: 25, 15
⩥ Race is ____ factor in the juvenile justice systems not only for blacks
but also for Latino and American Indian youth. Answer: relevant
⩥ It has been argued that any ______ within the juvenile justice system
should be considered separately from the adult system. Answer:
discrimination
⩥ With regard to racism in police decision-making, including arrest and
use of force the research results, _______ Answer: _are not worthy of
discussion because the research is poorly done.
⩥ In one study of police employed by the Cincinnati Police Division,
they discovered that more ______ interactions ended in arrest than black
officer-suspect interactions. Answer: white officer suspect
, ⩥ According to the results of criminal justice research, which of the
following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism
against blacks in police-citizen encounters? Answer: a. The frequency of
arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites
⩥ Some have argued that the ____h been the cause of high ranking
enjoyed by drug enforcement Answer: Comprehensive Crime Act of
1984_____
⩥ According to Spohn, Gruhl, and Welch (1987), one analysis showed
cases against blacks and Hispanics were _____ likely to be prosecuted
than cases against whites. Answer: more
⩥ A number of studies have concluded that ______ defendants are
offered plea bargains more frequently and obtain better deals. Answer:
white
⩥ A study of federal criminal cases found that when federal prosecutors
request a sentence lower than stipulated minimum for those they seemed
"salvageable" and "sympathetic" they were ______ likely to request
lower sentences for blacks and Hispanic males than for white males.
Answer: less
⩥ In which case did the court strike down a statute limiting jury service
to white men on grounds it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the
Constitution? Answer: Strauder vs. West Virginia
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ In a political context, what means equal access to public office and
equal treatment under the law? Answer: equality
⩥ The term "race" refers to groups of persons who are relatively alike in
their biological inheritance and ____________. Answer: are distinct
from other groups.
⩥ Ethnicity" is a cultural feature and refers to a person's __. Answer:
_identification with a particular group___
⩥ Social practices which attribute merits or allocate values to members
of racially categorized groups solely because of race are _____. Answer:
racism
⩥ Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and
practices of institutions operate to produce systematic and continuing
differences between racial groups? Answer: institutional racism
⩥ Petit apartheid is ______. Answer: racism by the community
,⩥ Much interaction between police and minorities may involve "petit
apartheid." This term means Answer: informal,low-visibility racism
⩥ The concept of "grand apartheid" (as distinguished from "petit
apartheid") refers to ________ racism in police interactions with
members of minority groups. Answer: overt
⩥ 10. What census year was used to justify discriminatory laws regarded
by whites as necessary until blacks were able to overcome legacy of
slavery through their own efforts? Answer: 1890
⩥ Discriminatory laws against blacks enforced by the courts until the
mid-1900s were known as ______. Answer: Jim Crow Laws
⩥ In which United States Supreme Court case did the Court rule that the
"separate but equal" doctrine in public schools? Answer: Brown v Board
of Education
⩥ Which group found that there are two justice systems at work in their
state's court; "one for whites, and a very different one for minorities and
the poor"? Answer: New York State Judicial Commission on Minorities
⩥ With regard to the contention of systematic racism in the criminal
justice system there is Answer: _no consensus among the
researches_____.
,⩥ Most research suggests that, while there is an absence of systematic
racial discrimination in the U.S. criminal justice system _______.
Answer: _there is discrimination in some places at specific decison-
making points__
⩥ . Information collected by the organization Building Blocks for Youth
(2000) revealed that African Americans represent ______% of juvenile
arrests and ______% of the population nationwide. Answer: 25, 15
⩥ Race is ____ factor in the juvenile justice systems not only for blacks
but also for Latino and American Indian youth. Answer: relevant
⩥ It has been argued that any ______ within the juvenile justice system
should be considered separately from the adult system. Answer:
discrimination
⩥ With regard to racism in police decision-making, including arrest and
use of force the research results, _______ Answer: _are not worthy of
discussion because the research is poorly done.
⩥ In one study of police employed by the Cincinnati Police Division,
they discovered that more ______ interactions ended in arrest than black
officer-suspect interactions. Answer: white officer suspect
, ⩥ According to the results of criminal justice research, which of the
following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism
against blacks in police-citizen encounters? Answer: a. The frequency of
arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites
⩥ Some have argued that the ____h been the cause of high ranking
enjoyed by drug enforcement Answer: Comprehensive Crime Act of
1984_____
⩥ According to Spohn, Gruhl, and Welch (1987), one analysis showed
cases against blacks and Hispanics were _____ likely to be prosecuted
than cases against whites. Answer: more
⩥ A number of studies have concluded that ______ defendants are
offered plea bargains more frequently and obtain better deals. Answer:
white
⩥ A study of federal criminal cases found that when federal prosecutors
request a sentence lower than stipulated minimum for those they seemed
"salvageable" and "sympathetic" they were ______ likely to request
lower sentences for blacks and Hispanic males than for white males.
Answer: less
⩥ In which case did the court strike down a statute limiting jury service
to white men on grounds it violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the
Constitution? Answer: Strauder vs. West Virginia
