BIO 180 FINAL EXAM
What are the 3 pathways that harvest energy from glucose? -
ANSWERS-Glycolysis, cellular respiration, and fermentation
How does cellular respiration occur? - ANSWERS-glycolysis (takes
place in cytoplasm, 10 steps, 4 ATP and 2 NADPH, 2 pyruvate
product), pyruvate oxidation (pyruvate goes to acetyl coA, oxygen
byproduct), citric acid cycle (starts at acetyl coA, 4 molecules of CO2
made total)
What are the products of glycolysis? - ANSWERS-2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2
pyruvate
What are the products of citric acid cycle? - ANSWERS-4 CO2, 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation? - ANSWERS-Acetyl
CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
What is the total products for cellular respiration? - ANSWERS-10
NADH, 2 ATP, 2 GDP, 2 FADH, 6 CO2
Total ATP output from one glucose molecule? - ANSWERS-32
,What is anaerobic respiration? What are two ways? - ANSWERS-
Respiration without oxygen. Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic
fermentation
What is lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWERS-Fermentation that
converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid), products are 2 lactate and 2
ATP
What is alcoholic fermentation? - ANSWERS-Pyruvate is converted
into ethanol, products are 2 ethanol, 2 CO2 and 2 ATP
How are the 2 ways of fermentation similar? Different? - ANSWERS-
Lactic - lactate, 1 enzyme
Alcoholic - ethanol and CO2, 2 enzymes
Both - reversible, no oxygen, reproduce NAD+, pyruvate used as
starting point
What is gluconeogenesis? - ANSWERS-Production of glucose from
non-carbohydrate sources, such as fat
What elements make up 98% of living things? - ANSWERS-Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWERS-Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or can change
form
, What is the second law of thermodynamics? - ANSWERS-Energy
will increase the entropy of the universe and reduce the amount of
viable energy
What are the 2 different types of covalent bonds, and what is the
difference between the two? - ANSWERS-Nonpolar covalent and
polar covalent, nonpolar shares electrons equally while polar has an
unequal amount of electrons shared
Why are ionic bonds not considered covalent bonds? - ANSWERS-
They don't share electrons, they steal them from other elements
Rank the bonding strength from smallest to largest: covalent,
hydrogen, ionic, van Der Waals - ANSWERS-van der Waals,
hydrogen, covalent, ionic
What type of bonds hold amino acids together, and what functional
groups form this bond? - ANSWERS-Peptide bonds, the amino group
and carboxyl group hold this bond together
What is a condensation reaction? - ANSWERS-When two molecules
bond through the loss of a water molecule
What is a carboxyl group? - ANSWERS-A carbon double-bonded to
both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group
What are the 3 pathways that harvest energy from glucose? -
ANSWERS-Glycolysis, cellular respiration, and fermentation
How does cellular respiration occur? - ANSWERS-glycolysis (takes
place in cytoplasm, 10 steps, 4 ATP and 2 NADPH, 2 pyruvate
product), pyruvate oxidation (pyruvate goes to acetyl coA, oxygen
byproduct), citric acid cycle (starts at acetyl coA, 4 molecules of CO2
made total)
What are the products of glycolysis? - ANSWERS-2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2
pyruvate
What are the products of citric acid cycle? - ANSWERS-4 CO2, 6
NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation? - ANSWERS-Acetyl
CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
What is the total products for cellular respiration? - ANSWERS-10
NADH, 2 ATP, 2 GDP, 2 FADH, 6 CO2
Total ATP output from one glucose molecule? - ANSWERS-32
,What is anaerobic respiration? What are two ways? - ANSWERS-
Respiration without oxygen. Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic
fermentation
What is lactic acid fermentation? - ANSWERS-Fermentation that
converts pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid), products are 2 lactate and 2
ATP
What is alcoholic fermentation? - ANSWERS-Pyruvate is converted
into ethanol, products are 2 ethanol, 2 CO2 and 2 ATP
How are the 2 ways of fermentation similar? Different? - ANSWERS-
Lactic - lactate, 1 enzyme
Alcoholic - ethanol and CO2, 2 enzymes
Both - reversible, no oxygen, reproduce NAD+, pyruvate used as
starting point
What is gluconeogenesis? - ANSWERS-Production of glucose from
non-carbohydrate sources, such as fat
What elements make up 98% of living things? - ANSWERS-Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWERS-Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or can change
form
, What is the second law of thermodynamics? - ANSWERS-Energy
will increase the entropy of the universe and reduce the amount of
viable energy
What are the 2 different types of covalent bonds, and what is the
difference between the two? - ANSWERS-Nonpolar covalent and
polar covalent, nonpolar shares electrons equally while polar has an
unequal amount of electrons shared
Why are ionic bonds not considered covalent bonds? - ANSWERS-
They don't share electrons, they steal them from other elements
Rank the bonding strength from smallest to largest: covalent,
hydrogen, ionic, van Der Waals - ANSWERS-van der Waals,
hydrogen, covalent, ionic
What type of bonds hold amino acids together, and what functional
groups form this bond? - ANSWERS-Peptide bonds, the amino group
and carboxyl group hold this bond together
What is a condensation reaction? - ANSWERS-When two molecules
bond through the loss of a water molecule
What is a carboxyl group? - ANSWERS-A carbon double-bonded to
both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group
