A&P 319 EXAM 1 TAMU COHN WITH APPROVED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPLOAD | GRADED A+
What is anatomy? - correct answer-- How big something is' the geometry and shape, how it
connects to the rest of the body
- STRUCTURE: can be physically described
- Size, shape, location, made of a group of substructures, links to other structures
What is physiology? - correct answer-The scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things
FUNCTION: how things work
How are A&P linked? - correct answer--Form follows function; processes, structures and
functions are all interwoven
-Structure implies function
-Physiology is explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy
-You can't FUNCTION without STRUCTURE, and vice versa. It is impossible to understand
physiology without developing an understanding of anatomy; physiology is explainable only
in terms of the underlying anatomy.
Can A&P be studied together or separately? - correct answer--They can be studied together
or separately, but there is a greater benefit in studying them together
-Regionally, Systemically
Regional anatomy (Regionally) - correct answer-The body is studied area by area, and all
systems within the area are studied simultaneously
Systemic anatomy (Systemically) - correct answer-the body is studied system by system. A
system is a group of structures that have one or more common functions (cardiovascular
system, digestive system, etc.); how we study anatomy
What are the advantages and disadvantages to A&P? - correct answer-Advantage of
studying A&P together
-Helps tie everything together
-The information makes the most sense this way
-Easier in the sense that they are interwoven so the material is easier to grasp when taught
this way
Disadvantage of studying A&P together
-Loads of information
-Details may be missed
Which is predominate between regionally/ systemically in BIOL 319? Any exceptions? -
correct answer-Systemic predominates in Biol 319
,Exceptions - going from cranium to study nerves and jumping to skeleton to study the
system (regional)
Explain the word Integrative in the titles of BIOL . - correct answer-Integrative
means that various aspects of both anatomy and physiology are linked/coordinated
together
-combining form and function to create a whole
Histology - correct answer-examines tissues, subcomponent of organs, which are
composed of cells and the materials surrounding them; microscopic study of tissues
(groups of similar cells)
Gross anatomy - correct answer-study of structures that can be viewed without a
microscope; can be approached systemically or regionally; can be viewed by the naked
eye; "large"
Surface anatomy - correct answer-Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures
deeper inside the body
Cell physiology - correct answer-processes occurring in cells
Systemic physiology - correct answer-Function of organ systems
Neurophysiology - correct answer-Nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology - correct answer-Heart and blood vessels
How are we studying anatomy in Bio 319? - correct answer-Using a systems approach
What four elements make up most of the body's molecules? - correct answer-Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (COHN)
- Makes up 95 % of the body molecules
What are the different levels can one study/learn/discuss in anatomy? - correct answer-
Chemical level (which involves interactions between atoms- atoms, molecules,
organelles), Cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level and organism’s level
Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism
-Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules
-Cell level: Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make
up the cells.
-Tissue level: Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.
-Organ level: Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder.
-Organ System level: Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ
system.
,-Organism level: Organ systems make up an organism
Macromolecules - correct answer-large molecules made up of smaller repeated units
ex. protein, carbohydrates (sugars), lipids(fats), Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
What is histology and what piece of equipment is needed to do histology? - correct answer-
Histology is the study of tissues where we look at the sub components. You need a light
microscope to study histology.
What piece of equipment is needed to do histology? - correct answer-light microscope
What piece of equipment is usually necessary for studying the detailed structure of cellular
organelles? Why? - correct answer-Electronic microscope because it is a stronger
microscope with more resolving power that can observe unique details
What is the difference between tissues and organs? - correct answer-- A tissue is
composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them- these
surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
- Organs are made of tissues. An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that
perform one or more common functions.
In the broadest categories, how many tissue types are there and what are they called? -
correct answer-There are four tissue types:
- epithelial (Skin and everywhere in body-lines cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and
organs throughout the body),
- nervous (nerves, brain, spinal cord),
- muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
- connective (connects tissues and organs)
What is the definition of an organ? - correct answer-Organ is composed of two or more
tissue types that perform one or more similar functions
Knowing the definition of an organ, how is the urinary bladder an example? - correct
answer--The urinary bladder contains multiple types of tissues (3 out of the 4) that function
together for a specific purpose→ collects urine from the kidneys
-Contains epithelial, connective, and smooth muscle tissue
What are the major anatomical/ physiological systems? - correct answer--Cardiovascular,
Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Integumentary, Endocrine (Glands), Lymphatic, Respiratory,
Digestive, Urinary (Renal-kidney), and Reproductive systems
- 11 total
, Cardiovascular system - correct answer-- Job: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; - - plays a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature
- Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Central pump: the heart
Cardiac - correct answer-Pertaining to the heart
About how many cells are there in a human body that need to be served by capillaries? -
correct answer-75 trillion cells in human body
The circulatory system contains a fluid containing water, soluble factors and cells
called___________ ((I'm thinking of three large categories of cells) under pressure from a
pump called the _______ - correct answer-Blood (white blood cells/leukocytes and red
blood cells/erythrocytes, platelets); heart
What are the two major gases? - correct answer-Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen O2
Regarding the blood under pressure, it is given as two numbers (egg 120/80). What do these
two numbers correspond to? - correct answer-- The top number is systolic pressure and
represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting
- The bottom number is diastolic pressure and represents the pressure in the arteries when
the heart is in a relaxed state
What does SYSTOLIC mean in regards to blood pressure? - correct answer-Represents
pressure in arteries when the heart is contracting
What does DIASTOLIC mean in regards to blood pressure? - correct answer-Represents
pressure in arteries when the heart is relaxing
What are the units of pressure that are conveniently used? - correct answer-mmHg
(millimeters of mercury)
Know, briefly what soluble factors are commonly transported in the blood besides the
soluble gases? - correct answer-Nutrients
- Travel through the blood
- "Food" for cells (glucose)
- Vitamins
Waste
- Must be eliminated from the body- Nitrogenous waste (example: urea)
- CO2 - Glycolysis and to control pH (integrates with the respiratory system). Complete
breakdown of glucose. Goes to lungs which is released as oxygen is consumed
- Urea- you make it because healthy individuals break down proteins which makes toxic
ammonia and urea. Urea is then absorbed by kidney and released as urine.
ANSWERS | 2026 LATEST UPLOAD | GRADED A+
What is anatomy? - correct answer-- How big something is' the geometry and shape, how it
connects to the rest of the body
- STRUCTURE: can be physically described
- Size, shape, location, made of a group of substructures, links to other structures
What is physiology? - correct answer-The scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things
FUNCTION: how things work
How are A&P linked? - correct answer--Form follows function; processes, structures and
functions are all interwoven
-Structure implies function
-Physiology is explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy
-You can't FUNCTION without STRUCTURE, and vice versa. It is impossible to understand
physiology without developing an understanding of anatomy; physiology is explainable only
in terms of the underlying anatomy.
Can A&P be studied together or separately? - correct answer--They can be studied together
or separately, but there is a greater benefit in studying them together
-Regionally, Systemically
Regional anatomy (Regionally) - correct answer-The body is studied area by area, and all
systems within the area are studied simultaneously
Systemic anatomy (Systemically) - correct answer-the body is studied system by system. A
system is a group of structures that have one or more common functions (cardiovascular
system, digestive system, etc.); how we study anatomy
What are the advantages and disadvantages to A&P? - correct answer-Advantage of
studying A&P together
-Helps tie everything together
-The information makes the most sense this way
-Easier in the sense that they are interwoven so the material is easier to grasp when taught
this way
Disadvantage of studying A&P together
-Loads of information
-Details may be missed
Which is predominate between regionally/ systemically in BIOL 319? Any exceptions? -
correct answer-Systemic predominates in Biol 319
,Exceptions - going from cranium to study nerves and jumping to skeleton to study the
system (regional)
Explain the word Integrative in the titles of BIOL . - correct answer-Integrative
means that various aspects of both anatomy and physiology are linked/coordinated
together
-combining form and function to create a whole
Histology - correct answer-examines tissues, subcomponent of organs, which are
composed of cells and the materials surrounding them; microscopic study of tissues
(groups of similar cells)
Gross anatomy - correct answer-study of structures that can be viewed without a
microscope; can be approached systemically or regionally; can be viewed by the naked
eye; "large"
Surface anatomy - correct answer-Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures
deeper inside the body
Cell physiology - correct answer-processes occurring in cells
Systemic physiology - correct answer-Function of organ systems
Neurophysiology - correct answer-Nervous system
Cardiovascular physiology - correct answer-Heart and blood vessels
How are we studying anatomy in Bio 319? - correct answer-Using a systems approach
What four elements make up most of the body's molecules? - correct answer-Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (COHN)
- Makes up 95 % of the body molecules
What are the different levels can one study/learn/discuss in anatomy? - correct answer-
Chemical level (which involves interactions between atoms- atoms, molecules,
organelles), Cell level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level and organism’s level
Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ System → Organism
-Chemical level: Atoms combine to form molecules
-Cell level: Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make
up the cells.
-Tissue level: Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.
-Organ level: Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder.
-Organ System level: Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ
system.
,-Organism level: Organ systems make up an organism
Macromolecules - correct answer-large molecules made up of smaller repeated units
ex. protein, carbohydrates (sugars), lipids(fats), Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
What is histology and what piece of equipment is needed to do histology? - correct answer-
Histology is the study of tissues where we look at the sub components. You need a light
microscope to study histology.
What piece of equipment is needed to do histology? - correct answer-light microscope
What piece of equipment is usually necessary for studying the detailed structure of cellular
organelles? Why? - correct answer-Electronic microscope because it is a stronger
microscope with more resolving power that can observe unique details
What is the difference between tissues and organs? - correct answer-- A tissue is
composed of a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them- these
surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue.
- Organs are made of tissues. An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that
perform one or more common functions.
In the broadest categories, how many tissue types are there and what are they called? -
correct answer-There are four tissue types:
- epithelial (Skin and everywhere in body-lines cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and
organs throughout the body),
- nervous (nerves, brain, spinal cord),
- muscle (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)
- connective (connects tissues and organs)
What is the definition of an organ? - correct answer-Organ is composed of two or more
tissue types that perform one or more similar functions
Knowing the definition of an organ, how is the urinary bladder an example? - correct
answer--The urinary bladder contains multiple types of tissues (3 out of the 4) that function
together for a specific purpose→ collects urine from the kidneys
-Contains epithelial, connective, and smooth muscle tissue
What are the major anatomical/ physiological systems? - correct answer--Cardiovascular,
Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Integumentary, Endocrine (Glands), Lymphatic, Respiratory,
Digestive, Urinary (Renal-kidney), and Reproductive systems
- 11 total
, Cardiovascular system - correct answer-- Job: Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; - - plays a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature
- Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Central pump: the heart
Cardiac - correct answer-Pertaining to the heart
About how many cells are there in a human body that need to be served by capillaries? -
correct answer-75 trillion cells in human body
The circulatory system contains a fluid containing water, soluble factors and cells
called___________ ((I'm thinking of three large categories of cells) under pressure from a
pump called the _______ - correct answer-Blood (white blood cells/leukocytes and red
blood cells/erythrocytes, platelets); heart
What are the two major gases? - correct answer-Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen O2
Regarding the blood under pressure, it is given as two numbers (egg 120/80). What do these
two numbers correspond to? - correct answer-- The top number is systolic pressure and
represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart is contracting
- The bottom number is diastolic pressure and represents the pressure in the arteries when
the heart is in a relaxed state
What does SYSTOLIC mean in regards to blood pressure? - correct answer-Represents
pressure in arteries when the heart is contracting
What does DIASTOLIC mean in regards to blood pressure? - correct answer-Represents
pressure in arteries when the heart is relaxing
What are the units of pressure that are conveniently used? - correct answer-mmHg
(millimeters of mercury)
Know, briefly what soluble factors are commonly transported in the blood besides the
soluble gases? - correct answer-Nutrients
- Travel through the blood
- "Food" for cells (glucose)
- Vitamins
Waste
- Must be eliminated from the body- Nitrogenous waste (example: urea)
- CO2 - Glycolysis and to control pH (integrates with the respiratory system). Complete
breakdown of glucose. Goes to lungs which is released as oxygen is consumed
- Urea- you make it because healthy individuals break down proteins which makes toxic
ammonia and urea. Urea is then absorbed by kidney and released as urine.
