RNSG 1443 Exam 1Oncology: Cancer Pathophysiology, Cellular Dysplasia,
Anaplasia, Tumor Angiogenesis, Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, Tumor
Suppressor Genes, Oncofetal Antigens, Apoptosis, Cellular Differentiation,
Metastasis Mechanisms, Clinical Staging, TNM Classification, Benign vs
Malignant Neoplasms, Oncologic Emergencies, Superior Vena Cava
Syndrome, Spinal Cord Compression, SIADH, Hypercalcemia, Tumor Lysis
Syndrome, Cardiac Tamponade, Chemotherapy Mechanisms, Cell Cycle
Phase-Specific/Non-Specific Drugs, Vesicant Toxicity, Radiation Therapy
Principles, ALARA Safety, Pain Management, Immunotherapy, Targeted
Therapy, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Multimodality Treatment,
Cancer Prevention, Early Detection Guidelines Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Describe the differences between initiation, promotion and progression in cancer cells?
1st = Initiation: Mutation in one or more cellular genes controlling key regulatory pathways of the cell
(irreversible).
Any change in the DNA sequence
-Inherited
-Acquired
•Chemical •Radiation •Viral
2nd = Promotion: selective growth enhancement induced in the initiated cell and its progeny by the
continuous exposure to a promoting agent (reversible). Risk factors = Tobacco use, Unhealthy diet,
Physical inactivity, Obesity *prevention is key
3rd = Progression: the last stage. •Rapid cancer growth, •Tumor Angiogenesis Factor, •Detachment,
•Invasion of surrounding tissues, •Penetration of lymph/vascular vessels, •Travels to distant sites
,An important distinction between initiation and promotion is that the activity of promoters is reversible.
This is a key concept in cancer prevention.
study guide & video links
videos
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=cancer-neoplasms-patho&video=neoplasms-
cancer-signs
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=oncology-cancer&video=cancer-full-video
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=cancer-prevention&video=cancer-prevention
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=chemotherapy-neutropenic-precautions
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=palliative-hospice-care
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=radiation-brachytherapy
study guides
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zTF0uuipSO_I7KNRc5USz8g6nPRwtOF9GqzCGDn1894/edit?
usp=sharing
,Which one is important in cancer prevention between initiation, promotion and progression in cancer
cells, and list at least 5 agents that promote cancer?
promotion is reversible, and a key concept in cancer prevention.
obesity, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, smoking, and physical inactivity
Angiogenesis in cancer cells
Tumors create own blood supply
Dysplasia means
abnormality or alteration/ disordered growth
Anaplasia means
loss of differentiation
Differentiation means
specialization of cells for specific functions/ change (differentiate into other cells)
important to remeber for cancer cell differentiation:
•They do not differentiate normally
•They do not function properly
•They do not die on time (Apoptosis)
, •Level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression
•They travel (Metastasis)
Apoptosis means
programmed cell death
Doubling time
The time needed for a tumor mass to double in size
Tumor angiogenesis
the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself
Contact inhibition
a process that stops additional cell growth when cells become crowded in healthy cells.
Proto-oncogenes
normal cell genes that are important regulators of normal cell processes. Protooncogenes promote
growth.
Mutations that change the expression of protooncogenes can cause them to function as oncogenes
(tumor-inducing genes).
Anaplasia, Tumor Angiogenesis, Proto-Oncogenes, Oncogenes, Tumor
Suppressor Genes, Oncofetal Antigens, Apoptosis, Cellular Differentiation,
Metastasis Mechanisms, Clinical Staging, TNM Classification, Benign vs
Malignant Neoplasms, Oncologic Emergencies, Superior Vena Cava
Syndrome, Spinal Cord Compression, SIADH, Hypercalcemia, Tumor Lysis
Syndrome, Cardiac Tamponade, Chemotherapy Mechanisms, Cell Cycle
Phase-Specific/Non-Specific Drugs, Vesicant Toxicity, Radiation Therapy
Principles, ALARA Safety, Pain Management, Immunotherapy, Targeted
Therapy, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Multimodality Treatment,
Cancer Prevention, Early Detection Guidelines Exam Questions Verified and
Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026
Describe the differences between initiation, promotion and progression in cancer cells?
1st = Initiation: Mutation in one or more cellular genes controlling key regulatory pathways of the cell
(irreversible).
Any change in the DNA sequence
-Inherited
-Acquired
•Chemical •Radiation •Viral
2nd = Promotion: selective growth enhancement induced in the initiated cell and its progeny by the
continuous exposure to a promoting agent (reversible). Risk factors = Tobacco use, Unhealthy diet,
Physical inactivity, Obesity *prevention is key
3rd = Progression: the last stage. •Rapid cancer growth, •Tumor Angiogenesis Factor, •Detachment,
•Invasion of surrounding tissues, •Penetration of lymph/vascular vessels, •Travels to distant sites
,An important distinction between initiation and promotion is that the activity of promoters is reversible.
This is a key concept in cancer prevention.
study guide & video links
videos
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=cancer-neoplasms-patho&video=neoplasms-
cancer-signs
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=oncology-cancer&video=cancer-full-video
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=cancer-prevention&video=cancer-prevention
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=chemotherapy-neutropenic-precautions
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=palliative-hospice-care
https://simplenursing.com/video-playlist/?category=radiation-brachytherapy
study guides
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zTF0uuipSO_I7KNRc5USz8g6nPRwtOF9GqzCGDn1894/edit?
usp=sharing
,Which one is important in cancer prevention between initiation, promotion and progression in cancer
cells, and list at least 5 agents that promote cancer?
promotion is reversible, and a key concept in cancer prevention.
obesity, alcohol use, unhealthy diet, smoking, and physical inactivity
Angiogenesis in cancer cells
Tumors create own blood supply
Dysplasia means
abnormality or alteration/ disordered growth
Anaplasia means
loss of differentiation
Differentiation means
specialization of cells for specific functions/ change (differentiate into other cells)
important to remeber for cancer cell differentiation:
•They do not differentiate normally
•They do not function properly
•They do not die on time (Apoptosis)
, •Level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression
•They travel (Metastasis)
Apoptosis means
programmed cell death
Doubling time
The time needed for a tumor mass to double in size
Tumor angiogenesis
the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself
Contact inhibition
a process that stops additional cell growth when cells become crowded in healthy cells.
Proto-oncogenes
normal cell genes that are important regulators of normal cell processes. Protooncogenes promote
growth.
Mutations that change the expression of protooncogenes can cause them to function as oncogenes
(tumor-inducing genes).
