APES Unit 4 Earth Systems Exam
Review-Graded A
What are the four layers of the Earth? - ANS-Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core
Crust - ANS-Thin, Outermost layer
Mantle - ANS-Between core and crust, makes up most of Earth's volume
Outer Core - ANS-Made of iron and nickel, liquid
Inner core - ANS-Solid metal, iron and nickel, extremely hot
Continental crust. - ANS-The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite
and is less dense than oceanic crust
How are mountains made? - ANS-Pieces of Earth's crust (plates) smash against each
other in a process called plate tectonics
What two plates are grinding together to form the San Andreas fault in California? -
ANS-North American and Pacific Plates
What type of plate boundary exists in San Andreas, California? - ANS-Strike
Slip/Transform Fault
How are island arcs and trenches made? - ANS-In subduction zone, magma rises up
and cools forming an arc of volcanic islands, trench is the convergent boundary
Soil Formation - ANS-Weathering of rock and the accumulation of organic material
Soil Horizons - ANS-Distinct layers of soil
What is soil made of? - ANS-Soil is made of Minerals, organic material, water,
organism, broken down pieces of rock, humus (rotted plant and animal material), water,
air, and bacteria.
How is soil made? - ANS-Formed from weathering of rocks
O horizon - ANS-Organic material, the organic horizon at the surface of many soils,
composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition
, A horizon - ANS-Topsoil, decomposed organic material
B horizon - ANS-Subsoil, rich in minerals
C horizon - ANS-Sediments, parent material
R horizon - ANS-bedrock, parent material
Soil Conservation - ANS-A method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the
soil from erosion and nutrient loss
Techniques that keep soil in place - ANS-1. No till farming, soil if left alone and plants
decompose, providing energy and minerals to soil
2. Crop Rotation and Cover crops, slows soil depletion, cover crops keep soil in place
during storms/rainfall
3. Countour farming, plant along a hillside, keeps rainwater from washing soil away
4. Windbreaks and Stream Buffers- keeps wind from damaging soil, buffer keep
streams from depleting soil
Soil composition - ANS-a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material,
air, and water
Clay - ANS-Smallest soil particle.
Silt - ANS-Middle soil particle
Sand - ANS-Largest soil particle.
Porosity - ANS-The volume of open spaces in rock or soil
Permeability - ANS-How easily fluid can flow through
Earth's atmosphere - ANS-Composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and very small
amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other "trace gases": ozone (O3), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), etc.
Graph representing the temperature as you increase in altitude through the atmosphere
- ANS-Temperature increases as you gain altitude in the stratosphere and the
thermosphere. Temperature decreases as you gain altitude in the troposphere and
mesosphere.
Where is the greenhouse effect occurs and the ozone layer situated? - ANS-
Troposphere
Causes of an urban heat island - ANS-1. Paved roads
2. Lack of plants
Review-Graded A
What are the four layers of the Earth? - ANS-Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core
Crust - ANS-Thin, Outermost layer
Mantle - ANS-Between core and crust, makes up most of Earth's volume
Outer Core - ANS-Made of iron and nickel, liquid
Inner core - ANS-Solid metal, iron and nickel, extremely hot
Continental crust. - ANS-The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite
and is less dense than oceanic crust
How are mountains made? - ANS-Pieces of Earth's crust (plates) smash against each
other in a process called plate tectonics
What two plates are grinding together to form the San Andreas fault in California? -
ANS-North American and Pacific Plates
What type of plate boundary exists in San Andreas, California? - ANS-Strike
Slip/Transform Fault
How are island arcs and trenches made? - ANS-In subduction zone, magma rises up
and cools forming an arc of volcanic islands, trench is the convergent boundary
Soil Formation - ANS-Weathering of rock and the accumulation of organic material
Soil Horizons - ANS-Distinct layers of soil
What is soil made of? - ANS-Soil is made of Minerals, organic material, water,
organism, broken down pieces of rock, humus (rotted plant and animal material), water,
air, and bacteria.
How is soil made? - ANS-Formed from weathering of rocks
O horizon - ANS-Organic material, the organic horizon at the surface of many soils,
composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition
, A horizon - ANS-Topsoil, decomposed organic material
B horizon - ANS-Subsoil, rich in minerals
C horizon - ANS-Sediments, parent material
R horizon - ANS-bedrock, parent material
Soil Conservation - ANS-A method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the
soil from erosion and nutrient loss
Techniques that keep soil in place - ANS-1. No till farming, soil if left alone and plants
decompose, providing energy and minerals to soil
2. Crop Rotation and Cover crops, slows soil depletion, cover crops keep soil in place
during storms/rainfall
3. Countour farming, plant along a hillside, keeps rainwater from washing soil away
4. Windbreaks and Stream Buffers- keeps wind from damaging soil, buffer keep
streams from depleting soil
Soil composition - ANS-a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material,
air, and water
Clay - ANS-Smallest soil particle.
Silt - ANS-Middle soil particle
Sand - ANS-Largest soil particle.
Porosity - ANS-The volume of open spaces in rock or soil
Permeability - ANS-How easily fluid can flow through
Earth's atmosphere - ANS-Composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and very small
amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide and other "trace gases": ozone (O3), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), etc.
Graph representing the temperature as you increase in altitude through the atmosphere
- ANS-Temperature increases as you gain altitude in the stratosphere and the
thermosphere. Temperature decreases as you gain altitude in the troposphere and
mesosphere.
Where is the greenhouse effect occurs and the ozone layer situated? - ANS-
Troposphere
Causes of an urban heat island - ANS-1. Paved roads
2. Lack of plants
