BIOD 210 MODULES 1-7 EXAM SCRIPT
GENETICS 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What nitrogenous bases are purines Answer: Adenine and
Guanine
◉ What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Answer: cytosine,
thymine, uracil
◉ How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines?
Answer: purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-
ringed
◉ What are the differences between DNA and RNA? Answer: DNA:
double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2'
carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from
the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
◉ Nucleoside vs Nucleotide Answer: nucleoside: pentose sugar +
nitrogenous base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
,◉ What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? Answer:
Phosphodiester bonds
◉ What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic
material? Answer: 1.) Must contain important info to encode
hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
◉ Where are chromosomes located? Answer: cell's nucleus
◉ what is a centrosome? Answer: location in the cell that contains
centrioles
◉ What are centrioles? Answer: microtubules that produce mitotic
spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of
the cell
◉ How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? Answer: 2
centrioles/1 centrosome
,◉ How many copies of each type of chromosome does each
eukaryotic cell typically have? Answer: 2 copies
◉ what are homologous chromosomes? Answer: copies of the same
type of DNA
◉ What are non-homologous chromosomes? Answer: copies of
different chromosomes with different DNA
◉ What is mitosis? Answer: cell division of one cell into 2 exact
duplicates
◉ What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? Answer: interphase,
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
cytokinesis
◉ What happens during mitosis interphase? Answer: mitosis stage
that the cell is primarily in
chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the
nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
, ◉ What happens during interphase s-phase? Answer: Centrosome
replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome
replication occurs (still uncondensed)
◉ What happens during mitosis prophase? Answer: centrioles move
to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by
a kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers
◉ What happens during mitosis prometaphase? Answer: centrioles
have reached polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have
connected to the kinetochore
◉ What happens during mitosis metaphase Answer: all
chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
◉ What happens during mitosis Anaphase? Answer: mitotic spindle
fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n)
◉ What happens during mitosis telophase? Answer: nuclear
envelope reforms
GENETICS 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What nitrogenous bases are purines Answer: Adenine and
Guanine
◉ What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? Answer: cytosine,
thymine, uracil
◉ How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines?
Answer: purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-
ringed
◉ What are the differences between DNA and RNA? Answer: DNA:
double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2'
carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from
the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U, G, C
◉ Nucleoside vs Nucleotide Answer: nucleoside: pentose sugar +
nitrogenous base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
,◉ What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? Answer:
Phosphodiester bonds
◉ What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic
material? Answer: 1.) Must contain important info to encode
hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
◉ Where are chromosomes located? Answer: cell's nucleus
◉ what is a centrosome? Answer: location in the cell that contains
centrioles
◉ What are centrioles? Answer: microtubules that produce mitotic
spindle fibers, aids in cell division, and make up the cytoskeleton of
the cell
◉ How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? Answer: 2
centrioles/1 centrosome
,◉ How many copies of each type of chromosome does each
eukaryotic cell typically have? Answer: 2 copies
◉ what are homologous chromosomes? Answer: copies of the same
type of DNA
◉ What are non-homologous chromosomes? Answer: copies of
different chromosomes with different DNA
◉ What is mitosis? Answer: cell division of one cell into 2 exact
duplicates
◉ What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? Answer: interphase,
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and
cytokinesis
◉ What happens during mitosis interphase? Answer: mitosis stage
that the cell is primarily in
chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the
nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
, ◉ What happens during interphase s-phase? Answer: Centrosome
replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4 centrioles) occurs and chromosome
replication occurs (still uncondensed)
◉ What happens during mitosis prophase? Answer: centrioles move
to opposite ends of the cell using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by
a kinetochore that attracts mitotic spindle fibers
◉ What happens during mitosis prometaphase? Answer: centrioles
have reached polar regions and mitotic spindle fibers have
connected to the kinetochore
◉ What happens during mitosis metaphase Answer: all
chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
◉ What happens during mitosis Anaphase? Answer: mitotic spindle
fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids (4n)
◉ What happens during mitosis telophase? Answer: nuclear
envelope reforms
