Advanced Diabetes Mellitus Examination: Type 1, Type 2, Prediabetes, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, Insulin Therapy, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, Glycemic Control, Blood Glucose Monitoring, Electrolyte I

Advanced Diabetes Mellitus Examination: Type 1, Type 2, Prediabetes, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, Insulin Therapy, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, Glycemic Control, Blood Glucose Monitoring, Electrolyte Imbalance, Fluid Replacement, Cardiovascular Risk, Stroke, Neuropathy, Sensory and Autonomic Complications, Retinopathy, Nephropathy, Foot Care, Peripheral Artery Disease, Infections, Integumentary Manifestations, Erectile Dysfunction, Medication Management, Patient Education, Nutritional Interventions, Exercise Guidelines, Psychosocial Assessment, Geriatric Considerations, Screening and Annual Labs, Emergency Interventions, Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 100-126 Fasting Blood glucose- are pre-diabetics 7th leading cause of death in the U.S. 9.3% of the U.S. population (29.1 million) 86 million have pre-diabetes Approximately 8.1million people undiagnosed Heart disease deaths rates and risk of stroke are____________________________ than adults without diabetes 2-4 times higher diabetes is a Major contributing factor for heart disease and stroke diabetes is the Leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal disease, non-traumatic lower limb amputations Specific gravity of urine 1.010-1.030 if it us above 30 they are very dehydrated Ketones it is broken down fat made in the liver. specific to type 1 DKA Symptoms Dehydration/dry mucous membranes Tachycardia/hypotension Kussmaul respiration(rapid deep breathing- fruity smell)/acetone breath DKA labs BG 250, Usually, metabolic acidosis, Ketones: moderate to large amounts DKA : Untreated results in coma secondary to: Dehydration- because they pee a lot when blood sugar is high/ and they are always thirsy Electrolyte imbalance- watch K+(aka watch heart), Na+, mag, Ca+, Prosperous Acidosis DKA Treatment Proceed rapidly/treat promptly See Table page 1144 IV fluids 0.45% or 0.9% NS ----Rate of 1 liter/hour til BP stable or Urine output 30-60ml/hr (you want anybodys urine OP to be at 30 mls an hr) Electrolyte replacement --K+ level- get a stat K+ on this patient ---Cardiac monitoring Insulin IV - 0.1Units/Kg/hr BG 250, Add 5% or 10% glucose- once it goes below 250 bg they start worrying about rebound hypoglycemia and will give glucose with the insulin if the pt is peeing a LOT they are also peeing out a lot of potassium so the K+ levels will be LOW IF K+ is low during DKA then you replace replace K+ FIRST and then you can give insulin and K+ replacement at the same time after because when you give insulin it also pulls K+ into the cell with the insulin so K+ will continue to go down.