Pediatric Endocrinology, Anterior Pituitary Hypofunction, Growth Hormone Deficiency, GH Hypersecretion, Acromegaly, Gigantism, Precocious Puberty, Tanner Stages, Central and Peripheral Precocious Puberty, Posterior Pituitary, ADH Deficiency, Diabetes Insi

Pediatric Endocrinology, Anterior Pituitary Hypofunction, Growth Hormone Deficiency, GH Hypersecretion, Acromegaly, Gigantism, Precocious Puberty, Tanner Stages, Central and Peripheral Precocious Puberty, Posterior Pituitary, ADH Deficiency, Diabetes Insipidus, Constitutional Growth Delay, Turner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Congenital Hypothyroidism, Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Graves’ Disease, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, Cushing’s Disease, Pediatric Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Therapy, Pediatric Obesity, Down Syndrome, Trisomy 21, Mosaicism, Chromosomal Translocations, Growth and Development Assessment, Bone Age, Pubertal Growth Spurt, Endocrine-Related Neurologic Manifestations Exam Questions Verified and Provided with Complete A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Anterior Pituitary hypofunction Growth hormone deficiency Anterior Pituitary hyperfunction Acromegaly Precocious puberty - Tanner stages Posterior pituitary hypo-secretion ADH Diabetes Insipidus Polyuria/polydipsia Feedings relieved by water and not formula/breast Growth and development Any deviation in growth can be suggestive of endocrine disorder Mothers height + 5 inches + father's height/2 Fathers height - 5 inches + mother's height/2 Constitutional delay of growth No disease process, normal growth in infancy, associated with puberty - have not had that growth spurt Delays in growth and sexual devt are quantified by skeletal age Bone age is determined from radiographic studies of the left hand and wrist Catch-up growth, onset of puberty, and pubertal growth spurt occur later than average, resulting in normal adult stature and sexual development 3rd percentile in height Growth hormone Anterior pituitary Constant release during SLEEP Immunodeficiency can cause growth hormone deficiency Human growth hormone (HGH) causes the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1 interacts with receptors on cells, promoting growth Acromegaly gigantism Excessive amount of GH released after puberty and epiphyseal closure (90% due to benign pituitary tumor) Acromegaly vs gigantism Timing of excess GH secretion Excessive levels of growth hormone accompanied by elevated of insulin-like factor •The difference between the two is timing of excess growth hormone secretion and epiphyseal plate closure. When excess GH levels are present and growth plates are still open, the effect is excessive skeletal growth so heights of 8 feet are not uncommon. But - Once the epiphyseal plate closes, the effects are on the connective tissue, cartilage and bone which result is acromeglic features such as an elonged face (forehead and chin). Older adolescence/early adulthood - AFTER epiphyseal plate closure •Deepened voice occurs because of the elongated vocal cords symptoms of acromegaly Enlarged hands, feet, and head Enlarged tongue, nose, and lips Enlarged forehead (frontal bossing) and protruding jaw Arthritis Thickening of the flesh on the hands and feet Deepened voice Non-endocrine etiologies of growth failure Pulmonary disease Cystic Fibrosis Cyanotic heart conditions Anemia Celiac disease Turner's syndrome A chromosomal disorder that affects a girl's development Short stature, incomplete sex development/ovarian failure so they are usually infertile extra skin on the neck (webbed neck), puffiness or swelling (lymphedema) of the hands and feet,