HCR 240 PATHOLOGY MODULE 8 EXAM/HCR 240 PATHOLOGY MODULE 8 EXAM:ADVANCED PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT[VERIFIED ANSWERS BY EXPERT ANSWERS]

Question 1 of 36 The development of sensory and motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis is caused by:  degeneration of sensory and motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons.  loss of neurotransmitter function in the spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons. CORRECT  immunologic and inflammatory demyelination of central nervous system neurons. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons.  receptor abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction and in the skin. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons. Question 2 of 36 A patient has a subdural hematoma. A nurse realizes that the bleeding is occurring:  deep within the herniated nucleous. A herniated nucleous occurs with a herniated disk. Subdural hematomas (bleeding between the dura mater and the brain) arise in 10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury.  deep within the brain. Intracerebral hematomas (bleeding within the brain) occur in 2% to 3% of persons with head injuries. Subdural hematomas (bleeding between the dura mater and the brain) arise in 10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury.  between the dura mater and the skull. Extradural hematomas (bleeding between the dura mater and the skull [i.e., epidural hematomas, epidural hemorrhages]) represent 1% to 2% of major head injuries. Subdural hematomas (bleeding between the dura mater and the brain) arise in 10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury. CORRECT  between the dura mater and the brain. Subdural hematomas (bleeding between the dura mater and the brain) arise in 10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury. Question 3 of 36 Autonomic hyperreflexia is caused by: CORRECT  stimulation of sensory/pain receptors below the level of the spinal cord lesion. In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated.  activation of brain receptors in the ventricles at the level of the spinal cord lesion. In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated.  structural defects of the spine involving the lamina or neural arch of the vertebra. Spondylolysis is a structural defect (degeneration or developmental defect) of the spine involving the lamina or neural arch of the vertebra. In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated.  the vertebra sliding forward and onto the vertebra below, which causes pressure. Spondylolisthesis occurs when a vertebra slides forward and onto the vertebra below it. In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated. Question 4 of 36 A patient has a vertebral disorder that involves a structural defect (often hereditary) that causes forward displacement of the affected vertebra. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?  Closed head injury Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen that results in nerve root compression. Spondylolysis is a hereditary structural defect of the lamina of the vertebra, causing forward displacement of the affected vertebra. CORRECT  Spondylolysis Spondylolysis is a hereditary structural defect of the lamina of the vertebra, causing forward displacement of the affected vertebra.  Cholinergic crisis Cholinergic crisis occurs in myasthenia gravis. Spondylolysis is a hereditary structural defect of the lamina of the vertebra, causing forward displacement of the affected vertebra.  Herniated nucleus pulposus A herniated nucleus pulposus involves the protrusion of the pulpy center of the intervertebral disk, which often results in spinal cord or nerve root compression. Spondylolysis is a hereditary structural defect of the lamina of the vertebra, causing forward displacement of the affected vertebra. Question 5 of 36 A patient ruptured the middle meningeal artery, resulting in an epidural hemorrhage. The nurse realizes that in this type of intracranial hemorrhage; the bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the:  pia mater. By definition, an epidural hemorrhage is located outside ("epi" in Latin means "on top of") the dura mater. An epidural hemorrhage occurs between the dura mater and the skull.  arachnoid mater. By definition, an epidural hemorrhage is located outside ("epi" in Latin means "on top of") the dura mater. An epidural hemorrhage occurs between the dura mater and the skull.  brain. By definition, an epidural hemorrhage is located outside ("epi" in Latin means "on top of") the dura mater. An epidural hemorrhage occurs between the dura mater and the skull. CORRECT  skull. By definition, an epidural hemorrhage is located outside ("epi" in Latin means "on top of") the dura mater. An epidural hemorrhage occurs between the dura mater and the skull. Question 6 of 36 When a nurse is asked what usually causes encephalitis, what is the nurse's best answer? CORRECT  A viral infection Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis.  A bacterial infection Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis.  A parasitic infection Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis.  A fungal infection Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis. Question 7 of 36 While reviewing a patient’s health history, which finding will most alert the nurse to the possible development of a chronic subdural hematoma?  Peripheral nerve trauma Craniocerebral trauma generally results in acute or subacute subdural hematoma formation. Prior brain atrophy is a major risk factor in the development of chronic subdural hematomas.  Brain cancer Subdural hematomas are not generally associated with brain cancer. Prior brain atrophy is a major risk factor in the development of chronic subdural hematomas. CORRECT  Prior brain atrophy Prior brain atrophy is a major risk factor in the development of chronic subdural hematomas.  Meningitis Subdural hematomas are not generally associated with meningitis. Prior brain atrophy is a major risk factor in the development of chronic subdural hematomas. Question 8 of 36 Which information should the nurse include when teaching about focal brain injury? Most forms of focal brain injury are associated with increased:  blood pressure. Blood pressure can be high, low, or normal, depending on the nature of the brain injury but usually decreases during the initial injury. Brain edema forms around and in damaged neural tissues, contributing to the increasing intracranial pressure.  reflexes. Reflexes are lost, not increased, and then may return to normal. Brain edema forms around and in damaged neural tissues, contributing to the increasing intracranial pressure. CORRECT  brain swelling. Brain edema forms around and in damaged neural tissues, contributing to the increasing intracranial pressure.  mental capacity. Mental capacities are decreased. Brain edema forms around and in damaged neural tissues, contributing to the increasing intracranial pressure. Question 9 of 36 A patient suffered blunt head force trauma from a fall. A nurse assesses the patient for a brain injury opposite the focal impact. The injury is called a:  frontal injury. A frontal injury may have been involved in the coup injury. Contrecoup brain injury occurs on the side opposite the focal impact.  contrefrontal injury. There is no such term as contrefrontal injury. Contrecoup brain injury occurs on the side opposite the focal impact. CORRECT  contrecoup injury. A contrecoup brain injury occurs on the side opposite the focal impact.  coup injury. A coup injury results from compression of the skull at the point of impact. A contrecoup brain injury occurs on the side opposite the focal impact. Question 10 of 36 The nurse on a neurological unit is caring for several patients. Which patient is at highest risk for a cerebral vascular accident (stroke)? The patient with: CORRECT  hypertension and diabetes. Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold increase in stroke mortality.  a herniated intervertebral disk and pneumonia. Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold increase in stroke mortality.  Alzheimer disease and spinal stenosis. Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold increase in stroke mortality.  Parkinson disease and low back pain. Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold