CPPS 303 LECTURES 1 AND 2 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Gap junctions - ANS Allow ion and small molecule passage between cells.
Chemical signals - ANS Include ions, hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors.
Endocrine signaling - ANS Hormones secreted into blood that act on distant tissues
Paracrine signaling - ANS Local hormones affect nearby cells of the same tissue.
Autocrine signaling - ANS Cells respond to their own secreted signals.
Signal transduction - ANS Process by which hormones exert biological effects.
Peptide hormones - ANS Bind to cell-surface receptors, activating signaling.
Amine hormones - ANS Derived from tyrosine and tryptophan, act via receptors.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Thyroid hormones - ANS Bind intracellular receptors as steroids to regulate metabolic rate.
Steroid hormones - ANS Derived from cholesterol, they bind to intracellular receptors that
regulate gene transcription.
Hypothalamus - ANS Regulates anterior pituitary hormone release.
Dopamine - ANS Inhibits prolactin via G-proteins.
Gα i protein - ANS Inhibits cAMP production in dopamine signaling.
Gβ i dimer - ANS Activates K+ channels, inhibits Ca2+ channels.
Class-1 cytokine receptors - ANS Transmembrane receptors for cytokine binding.
Protein kinase A (PKA) - ANS Activated by cAMP, phosphorylates cellular proteins.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANS Secondary messenger activating PKA.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) - ANS Activates protein kinase G (PKG) similarly to
cAMP.
Receptor serine/threonine kinases - ANS Transphosphorylate type-I subunit upon ligand
binding.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2026
Gap junctions - ANS Allow ion and small molecule passage between cells.
Chemical signals - ANS Include ions, hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors.
Endocrine signaling - ANS Hormones secreted into blood that act on distant tissues
Paracrine signaling - ANS Local hormones affect nearby cells of the same tissue.
Autocrine signaling - ANS Cells respond to their own secreted signals.
Signal transduction - ANS Process by which hormones exert biological effects.
Peptide hormones - ANS Bind to cell-surface receptors, activating signaling.
Amine hormones - ANS Derived from tyrosine and tryptophan, act via receptors.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
, Thyroid hormones - ANS Bind intracellular receptors as steroids to regulate metabolic rate.
Steroid hormones - ANS Derived from cholesterol, they bind to intracellular receptors that
regulate gene transcription.
Hypothalamus - ANS Regulates anterior pituitary hormone release.
Dopamine - ANS Inhibits prolactin via G-proteins.
Gα i protein - ANS Inhibits cAMP production in dopamine signaling.
Gβ i dimer - ANS Activates K+ channels, inhibits Ca2+ channels.
Class-1 cytokine receptors - ANS Transmembrane receptors for cytokine binding.
Protein kinase A (PKA) - ANS Activated by cAMP, phosphorylates cellular proteins.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANS Secondary messenger activating PKA.
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) - ANS Activates protein kinase G (PKG) similarly to
cAMP.
Receptor serine/threonine kinases - ANS Transphosphorylate type-I subunit upon ligand
binding.
@COPYRIGHT 2026/2027 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
