Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Chapter 1 The World as Community
Identify negative effects of globalization and its effects on health and health-
related professions
Describe challenges when dealing with global health disparities
Identify negative effects of globalization and its effects on health and health-
related professions
Globalization - a term used to refer to the increasing economic, political, social,
technologic, and intellectual interconnectedness of the world.
Positive and negative effects of globalization:
Diffusion of ideas, technologies and innovations, increased standards of living,
global stewardship
Increasing urban areas, obesity and chronic disease, transmission of infectious
diseases, brain drain, “haves and have nots”, environmental threats
Q/A: Which of the following is a negative effect of globalization on health?
BRAIN DRAIN
results when educated society members migrate from lower-resource countries
to higher-resource countries. Thus, many groups who could most benefit from
increased access to information and communication technology are unable to
enjoy the benefits these technologies bring to health care because of challenges
with untrained personnel and lack of infrastructure and resources.
Describe challenges when dealing with global health disparities
Health disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and
burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific
population groups in the United States.
Disparities in the global burden of disease
Effects of poverty
Lack of access to adequate food, water, shelter and health care
Racial/ethnic status, presence of physical or mental disabilities, stigma
associated with certain health problems
Inequitable distribution of world’s resources
Q/A: To plan prevention interventions, the nurse should know that which of the
following is one of the greatest challenges to global health that leads to health
disparities?
POVERTY
Page 1 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
,Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Chapter 2 Community Health Nursing: Essentials of Practice
Describe the processes of population-based nursing and care of the aggregate
community
The role of health promotion and prevention in public health nursing
How does advocacy integrate with the role of the C/PHN
Describe the processes of population-based nursing and care of the aggregate
community
BENEFITS OF PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE - population based prevention
programs.
DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (PHN) -The practice of
promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge
from nursing, social, and public health sciences
It is population-focused practice that emphasizes the promotion of health, the
prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which all
people can be healthy.
Population or Aggregate
a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental
characteristics in common
Members can be defined in terms of:
Geography (e.g., a county, a group of counties, or a state)
Special interest or circumstance (e.g., children attending a particular school)
Page 2 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
,Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Public health nursing
is a specialty because it has a distinct focus and scope of practice, and it requires
a special knowledge base.
It is population-focused. Primary emphasis is on populations whose members
are free-living in the community as opposed to those who are institutionalized.
It is community-oriented. There is concern for the connection between the health
status of the population and the environment in which the population lives
(physical, biological, sociocultural). There is an imperative to work with
members of the community to carry out core public health functions.
There is a health and preventive focus. The primary emphasis is on strategies for
health promotion, health maintenance, and disease prevention, particularly
primary and secondary prevention.
Interventions are made at the community or population level. Political processes
are used as a major intervention strategy to affect public policy and achieve
goals.
There is concern for the health of all members of the population/community,
particularly vulnerable subpopulations.
Q/A: Select the best term for professional nurses who have been educated in the
processes of population-based nursing and whose principal client is
the aggregate community.
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Community health nursing is the practice of nursing by professional nurses who
have been educated in the processes of population-based nursing and whose
principal client is the aggregate community.
The role of health promotion and prevention in public health nursing
UPSTREAM APPROACH
When structural determinants of health (income, education, housing,
employment, social power, opportunity) and those that are spatial (geographic
locations, cities, neighborhood, concentration of poverty) are addressed, then the
focus can be on prevention (primary prevention)
DOWNSTREAM APPROACH
Medical model alone will NOT eliminate health disparities because it focuses on
the INDIVIDUAL experiencing disease (secondary and tertiary prevention
levels)
PHN is population-focused practice that emphasizes the promotion of health,
the prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which
all people can be healthy.
Emphasizes primary prevention with the goal of achieving health equity.
Page 3 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
, Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Q/A: Explain the focus of community health nursing.
Prevention rather than one-on-one care
How does advocacy integrate with the role of the C/PHN
Lillian Wald's contributions include establishing nursing schools, advocating for
better housing, working to change child labor laws, teaching preventive
practices, advocating occupational health nursing, and improving the education
of public health nurses. Today's nurses can continue this work.
Q/A: Based on Lillian Wald's work living among the residents of the Henry
Street Settlement House in New York City, community health nurses can effect
change in a community's health by:
advocating for better housing
working to change labor practices, wages
teaching preventive practices
Chapter 3 – Epidemiology, Demography, and Community Health
Interpret and use basic epidemiology, demographic, and statistical measures of
community health
Apply principles of epidemiology and demography to the practice of community
health nursing
Recognize the differences between descriptive and analytic epidemiology
Describe how incidence and prevalence rates are important and what they are
used for in public health nursing
Interpret and use basic epidemiology, demographic, and statistical measures of
community health
Epidemiology:
Concerned with the distribution and determination of health and diseases,
morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.
The stud of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations and application of this study to improve health
Demography
Is the statistical study of human populations with reference to size and density,
distribution, and vital statistics
Demographics statistics provide...
Provide information about significant characteristics of a populations that
influence community needs and the delivery of healthcare services
Page 4 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
Chapter 1 The World as Community
Identify negative effects of globalization and its effects on health and health-
related professions
Describe challenges when dealing with global health disparities
Identify negative effects of globalization and its effects on health and health-
related professions
Globalization - a term used to refer to the increasing economic, political, social,
technologic, and intellectual interconnectedness of the world.
Positive and negative effects of globalization:
Diffusion of ideas, technologies and innovations, increased standards of living,
global stewardship
Increasing urban areas, obesity and chronic disease, transmission of infectious
diseases, brain drain, “haves and have nots”, environmental threats
Q/A: Which of the following is a negative effect of globalization on health?
BRAIN DRAIN
results when educated society members migrate from lower-resource countries
to higher-resource countries. Thus, many groups who could most benefit from
increased access to information and communication technology are unable to
enjoy the benefits these technologies bring to health care because of challenges
with untrained personnel and lack of infrastructure and resources.
Describe challenges when dealing with global health disparities
Health disparities are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and
burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific
population groups in the United States.
Disparities in the global burden of disease
Effects of poverty
Lack of access to adequate food, water, shelter and health care
Racial/ethnic status, presence of physical or mental disabilities, stigma
associated with certain health problems
Inequitable distribution of world’s resources
Q/A: To plan prevention interventions, the nurse should know that which of the
following is one of the greatest challenges to global health that leads to health
disparities?
POVERTY
Page 1 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
,Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Chapter 2 Community Health Nursing: Essentials of Practice
Describe the processes of population-based nursing and care of the aggregate
community
The role of health promotion and prevention in public health nursing
How does advocacy integrate with the role of the C/PHN
Describe the processes of population-based nursing and care of the aggregate
community
BENEFITS OF PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE - population based prevention
programs.
DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING (PHN) -The practice of
promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge
from nursing, social, and public health sciences
It is population-focused practice that emphasizes the promotion of health, the
prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which all
people can be healthy.
Population or Aggregate
a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental
characteristics in common
Members can be defined in terms of:
Geography (e.g., a county, a group of counties, or a state)
Special interest or circumstance (e.g., children attending a particular school)
Page 2 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
,Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Public health nursing
is a specialty because it has a distinct focus and scope of practice, and it requires
a special knowledge base.
It is population-focused. Primary emphasis is on populations whose members
are free-living in the community as opposed to those who are institutionalized.
It is community-oriented. There is concern for the connection between the health
status of the population and the environment in which the population lives
(physical, biological, sociocultural). There is an imperative to work with
members of the community to carry out core public health functions.
There is a health and preventive focus. The primary emphasis is on strategies for
health promotion, health maintenance, and disease prevention, particularly
primary and secondary prevention.
Interventions are made at the community or population level. Political processes
are used as a major intervention strategy to affect public policy and achieve
goals.
There is concern for the health of all members of the population/community,
particularly vulnerable subpopulations.
Q/A: Select the best term for professional nurses who have been educated in the
processes of population-based nursing and whose principal client is
the aggregate community.
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Community health nursing is the practice of nursing by professional nurses who
have been educated in the processes of population-based nursing and whose
principal client is the aggregate community.
The role of health promotion and prevention in public health nursing
UPSTREAM APPROACH
When structural determinants of health (income, education, housing,
employment, social power, opportunity) and those that are spatial (geographic
locations, cities, neighborhood, concentration of poverty) are addressed, then the
focus can be on prevention (primary prevention)
DOWNSTREAM APPROACH
Medical model alone will NOT eliminate health disparities because it focuses on
the INDIVIDUAL experiencing disease (secondary and tertiary prevention
levels)
PHN is population-focused practice that emphasizes the promotion of health,
the prevention of disease and disability, and the creation of conditions in which
all people can be healthy.
Emphasizes primary prevention with the goal of achieving health equity.
Page 3 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
, Community Health FINAL 2026-03-04
Q/A: Explain the focus of community health nursing.
Prevention rather than one-on-one care
How does advocacy integrate with the role of the C/PHN
Lillian Wald's contributions include establishing nursing schools, advocating for
better housing, working to change child labor laws, teaching preventive
practices, advocating occupational health nursing, and improving the education
of public health nurses. Today's nurses can continue this work.
Q/A: Based on Lillian Wald's work living among the residents of the Henry
Street Settlement House in New York City, community health nurses can effect
change in a community's health by:
advocating for better housing
working to change labor practices, wages
teaching preventive practices
Chapter 3 – Epidemiology, Demography, and Community Health
Interpret and use basic epidemiology, demographic, and statistical measures of
community health
Apply principles of epidemiology and demography to the practice of community
health nursing
Recognize the differences between descriptive and analytic epidemiology
Describe how incidence and prevalence rates are important and what they are
used for in public health nursing
Interpret and use basic epidemiology, demographic, and statistical measures of
community health
Epidemiology:
Concerned with the distribution and determination of health and diseases,
morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.
The stud of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in
specified populations and application of this study to improve health
Demography
Is the statistical study of human populations with reference to size and density,
distribution, and vital statistics
Demographics statistics provide...
Provide information about significant characteristics of a populations that
influence community needs and the delivery of healthcare services
Page 4 Community Health FINAL Community Health FINAL.pdf
