ANSC 221 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and
disadvantages of each. - Answers -Grasses: provide bulk, grow under wide range of
conditions, generally not as much nutritive value as legumes except at extreme maturity
conditions, palatable when immature, high in energy, prevent erosion, better root
structure
Legumes: higher in CP, vitamins and minerals, not much difference in TDN, CF, Fat,
and P, may be more digestible when young, may be less digestible when mature,
improve soil fertility,
What are the common grass forages? - Answers -Big bluestem, indian grass, switch
grass, side-oats gramma
what are the common legume forages? - Answers -Alfala, red clover, crown vetch,
sweetclover, white dutch clover, birdsfoot trefoil
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding
how they are made? - Answers -Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten
by grazing.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation
Hay: dried
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?
What additives might you add to silage and why? - Answers -Acid formed to alt the
microbial activity and be preserved. Most important factor is keeping it oxygen free.
Additives might help in the fermentation process such as Ground corn - adds DM and
energy
• Molasses
• Sulfur Dioxide.
the reason for additives are: • Increase or decrease dry matter
• Alter rate, amount & kind of acid production
• Acidify
• Inhibit microbial growth
• Change type of microbes
• Increase nutrient content
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? - Answers -NDF is
neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates
bulkiness of feed.
ADH is acid detergent fiber and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility
(has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility)
, What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and
how? - Answers -Species of plant, maturity, soil fertility, processing method, storage,
feeding
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient
requirements, levels in between? - Answers -Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy
and/or lactating have the highest requirements
CORN - Answers -(or wheat, barley, milo)- high E feed, low protein. Used to boost
energy good for: Dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves...
SBM - Answers -(cottenseed, peanut, linseed...)- protein supplement but also high in E.
can be used for any animal to meet protein needs.
High Quality Forage - Answers -for animals that need good quality feeds that are
palatable and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are
legumes.
Low quality Forages - Answers -mature grass hays, feed to animals with low
requirement (just for maintantance)
Corn Silage- - Answers -high in E low in Protien and Ca and other minterals, feed to
ruminants that need high E like dairy coes and beef cows in the winter. Often need to
limit feeds.
Pastures- - Answers -grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef
cattle, sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing
calves. Not good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or
steers for finishing
Crop residue feeds- - Answers -low quality, low protein, and low E... used to meet part
of ruminant feed needs, but not for high producing. Only good for sheep and cattle in
early or mid gestation.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? - Answers -
Amount needed and pellet size
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? - Answers -They are true
carnivores so they need a high protein diet. They do not synthesize niacin from
tryptophan, cannot convert cerotene to Vit A so cannot get it from plants. Benzoic acid
is toxic, high requirement for SAA, no salivary amylase
What special feeds are used in dog foods and why? eg, why tomato pomice? -
Answers -cooked cereal grain, meat meals, cheese meals, dry skim milk, SBM dry
What are the differences between grasses and legumes? advantages and
disadvantages of each. - Answers -Grasses: provide bulk, grow under wide range of
conditions, generally not as much nutritive value as legumes except at extreme maturity
conditions, palatable when immature, high in energy, prevent erosion, better root
structure
Legumes: higher in CP, vitamins and minerals, not much difference in TDN, CF, Fat,
and P, may be more digestible when young, may be less digestible when mature,
improve soil fertility,
What are the common grass forages? - Answers -Big bluestem, indian grass, switch
grass, side-oats gramma
what are the common legume forages? - Answers -Alfala, red clover, crown vetch,
sweetclover, white dutch clover, birdsfoot trefoil
What are the characteristics of pastures, silages, hay? what are the principles regarding
how they are made? - Answers -Pastures: fresh forage (grasses and legumes) eaten
by grazing.
Silage: preserved wet due to fermentation
Hay: dried
What is the most important factor to making and preserving good silage?
What additives might you add to silage and why? - Answers -Acid formed to alt the
microbial activity and be preserved. Most important factor is keeping it oxygen free.
Additives might help in the fermentation process such as Ground corn - adds DM and
energy
• Molasses
• Sulfur Dioxide.
the reason for additives are: • Increase or decrease dry matter
• Alter rate, amount & kind of acid production
• Acidify
• Inhibit microbial growth
• Change type of microbes
• Increase nutrient content
What are NDF and ADF and what do they pertain to and indicate? - Answers -NDF is
neutral detergent fiber and it reflects forage intake (negative relationship) indicates
bulkiness of feed.
ADH is acid detergent fiber and it is basically cellulose and lignin. It reflects digestibility
(has a negative relationship- high ADF= low digestibility)
, What factors affect the quality of forages? Which of these do we have control of and
how? - Answers -Species of plant, maturity, soil fertility, processing method, storage,
feeding
What animals have the lowest nutrient requirements, highest nutrient
requirements, levels in between? - Answers -Animals in maintenance have the lowest
requirements, young animals levels are high and animals that are in late pregnancy
and/or lactating have the highest requirements
CORN - Answers -(or wheat, barley, milo)- high E feed, low protein. Used to boost
energy good for: Dairy cattle, finishing cattle, starting calves...
SBM - Answers -(cottenseed, peanut, linseed...)- protein supplement but also high in E.
can be used for any animal to meet protein needs.
High Quality Forage - Answers -for animals that need good quality feeds that are
palatable and high in protein- young calves and dairy cows. Highest quality are
legumes.
Low quality Forages - Answers -mature grass hays, feed to animals with low
requirement (just for maintantance)
Corn Silage- - Answers -high in E low in Protien and Ca and other minterals, feed to
ruminants that need high E like dairy coes and beef cows in the winter. Often need to
limit feeds.
Pastures- - Answers -grass, legume, mixed grass and legume. Good feed for beef
cattle, sheep, and horses. Can be used for forage portion of dairy ration can for growing
calves. Not good for pigs or poultry and not high in E enough for milking cows, heifers or
steers for finishing
Crop residue feeds- - Answers -low quality, low protein, and low E... used to meet part
of ruminant feed needs, but not for high producing. Only good for sheep and cattle in
early or mid gestation.
What differences are there between large and small breeds of dogs? - Answers -
Amount needed and pellet size
What specific differences are there to feeding cats? Why? - Answers -They are true
carnivores so they need a high protein diet. They do not synthesize niacin from
tryptophan, cannot convert cerotene to Vit A so cannot get it from plants. Benzoic acid
is toxic, high requirement for SAA, no salivary amylase
What special feeds are used in dog foods and why? eg, why tomato pomice? -
Answers -cooked cereal grain, meat meals, cheese meals, dry skim milk, SBM dry
