Toxicology Exam 1 with 100% Correct
Solutions
Pharmacology - ANS-study of BENEFICIAL EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological
systems
Toxicology - ANS-study of ADVERSE EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological
systems
How did early humans test toxins? - ANS-Experimental trial and error
Bioavailability - ANS-How much of a drug is absorbed into your bloodstream
What is Paracelsus known for? - ANS--A drug at the right dose can be poisonous
-therapeutic v toxic dose
-specificity of response
Who is Mathieu Orfila? - ANS-father of forensic/analytical toxicology
What was the A Horse named Jim situation? - ANS-horse serum was contaminated with
Tetanus to produce diphtheria antitoxin , killing 13 children.
What did Thalidomide do? - ANS-used for morning sickness however caused severe
birth defects due to wrong enantiomer used (R worked, S didnt)
symptom - ANS-effect reported by the patient
sign - ANS-effect observed by clinician or doctor
palliative - ANS-used to relieve symptoms
therapeutic - ANS-used to cure disease
prophylactic - ANS-used to prevent disease
toxicity - ANS-any adverse effect of a xenobiotic on a biological system
hazard - ANS-LIKELIHOOD that a xenobiotic will cause toxicity at a SPECIFIC DOSE
risk - ANS-A quantitative description of hazard (1 in 5 chance of heart disease)
, safety - ANS-reciprocal of hazard (999,999 in 1,000,000 chance of not getting cancer)
How do we measure dose rate? - ANS-microgram/kilogram-day
Steps in the drug development process - ANS-in vitro studies
animal testing
clinical testing (phase 1-4)
marketing
animal testing is used for what? - ANS-check toxicity
Phase 1 - ANS-healthy volunteers and focus on toxicity
Phase 2 - ANS-People with disease and focus on efficacy
Phase 3 - ANS-thousands with disease and focus on safety, dosage, and efficacy (also
observe interactions with other drugs)
double-blind study - ANS-patient, doctor, and investigator do not know if they are getting
placebo or drug. This removes bias
Continuous or graded variables - ANS--body weight
-blood pressure
-enzyme activity
Quantal responses - ANS-all or none
responders v non-responders
life or death
what would happen to the normal distribution curve if there was no variability in an
experiment - ANS-it would spike
What are NEDs? - ANS-Normal equivalent deviations: determine how many standard
deviations away from the mean you are at
How do you find probit value? - ANS-add 5 to NED value
What is LD50 - ANS-lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is TD50 - ANS-toxic dose in 50% of the population
What is ED50? - ANS-effective dose for 50% of the population
What do dose response curves reveal about a drug? - ANS-The LD50 value
Solutions
Pharmacology - ANS-study of BENEFICIAL EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological
systems
Toxicology - ANS-study of ADVERSE EFFECTS of chemical agents on biological
systems
How did early humans test toxins? - ANS-Experimental trial and error
Bioavailability - ANS-How much of a drug is absorbed into your bloodstream
What is Paracelsus known for? - ANS--A drug at the right dose can be poisonous
-therapeutic v toxic dose
-specificity of response
Who is Mathieu Orfila? - ANS-father of forensic/analytical toxicology
What was the A Horse named Jim situation? - ANS-horse serum was contaminated with
Tetanus to produce diphtheria antitoxin , killing 13 children.
What did Thalidomide do? - ANS-used for morning sickness however caused severe
birth defects due to wrong enantiomer used (R worked, S didnt)
symptom - ANS-effect reported by the patient
sign - ANS-effect observed by clinician or doctor
palliative - ANS-used to relieve symptoms
therapeutic - ANS-used to cure disease
prophylactic - ANS-used to prevent disease
toxicity - ANS-any adverse effect of a xenobiotic on a biological system
hazard - ANS-LIKELIHOOD that a xenobiotic will cause toxicity at a SPECIFIC DOSE
risk - ANS-A quantitative description of hazard (1 in 5 chance of heart disease)
, safety - ANS-reciprocal of hazard (999,999 in 1,000,000 chance of not getting cancer)
How do we measure dose rate? - ANS-microgram/kilogram-day
Steps in the drug development process - ANS-in vitro studies
animal testing
clinical testing (phase 1-4)
marketing
animal testing is used for what? - ANS-check toxicity
Phase 1 - ANS-healthy volunteers and focus on toxicity
Phase 2 - ANS-People with disease and focus on efficacy
Phase 3 - ANS-thousands with disease and focus on safety, dosage, and efficacy (also
observe interactions with other drugs)
double-blind study - ANS-patient, doctor, and investigator do not know if they are getting
placebo or drug. This removes bias
Continuous or graded variables - ANS--body weight
-blood pressure
-enzyme activity
Quantal responses - ANS-all or none
responders v non-responders
life or death
what would happen to the normal distribution curve if there was no variability in an
experiment - ANS-it would spike
What are NEDs? - ANS-Normal equivalent deviations: determine how many standard
deviations away from the mean you are at
How do you find probit value? - ANS-add 5 to NED value
What is LD50 - ANS-lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is TD50 - ANS-toxic dose in 50% of the population
What is ED50? - ANS-effective dose for 50% of the population
What do dose response curves reveal about a drug? - ANS-The LD50 value
