Toxicology Exam 1 Questions with
Verified Solutions
major steps in identifying and understanding toxic agents - ANSWER-identify area of
toxicology
characterize agent and adverse effects
determine exposure characteristics
determine dose-response relationship
identify variation in toxic responses
clinical/lab testing to identify toxic agent
research experiments to study toxicological agents and their effects on molecular and
organismal level
mechanisms of toxicity - ANSWER-delivery from site of exposure to target
reaction of toxic agent with target molecule
cellular dysfunction and results in toxic effect
repair or dysrepair
area of toxicology that identifies the cell and molecular mechanisms of how chemicals
are toxic to biological systems - ANSWER-mechanistic toxicology
area of toxicology that identifies how chemicals are harmful to humans and animals -
ANSWER-forensic toxicology
area of toxicology that focuses on diseases caused by or associated with toxicological
agents - ANSWER-clinical toxicology
focuses on environmental toxicological agents that have a harmful effect on biological
systems and studying its effects on the rest of the environment - ANSWER-
environmental toxicology
substance produced by biological system - ANSWER-toxin
,substance produced by human activity - ANSWER-toxicant
how can a toxic agent react with the target molecule - ANSWER-covalent and
noncovalent binding
loss of hydrogen molecules
electron transfers
enzymatic reactions
what are effects observed when a toxic agent's target molecule affects cell regulation
(signaling) - ANSWER-dysregulation of gene expression
dysregulation of ongoing cell function
what are effects observed when a toxic agent's target molecule affects cell maintenance
- ANSWER-impaired internal maintenance
impaired external maintenance
examples of dysregulation of gene expression - ANSWER-inappropriate cell division,
apoptosis, protein synthesis
examples of dysregulation ongoing cell function - ANSWER-inappropriate
neuromuscular activity
route of exposure for pesticides - ANSWER-oral-ingestion
dermal- skin contact
inhalation
examples of impaired internal maintenance - ANSWER-impaired ATP synthesis
Ca regulation
protein synthesis
micro-tubular function
examples of impaired external maintenance - ANSWER-impaired hemostasis resulting
in bleeding
levels of repair in biological systems - ANSWER-molecular
cellular
tissue
adaptation
dysrepair in biological systems include - ANSWER-cell death
tissue damage
organ damage and organ failure
tumor formation
death
, any substance used for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests - ANSWER-pesticide
pesticide used for insects - ANSWER-insecticide
pesticide used for weeds - ANSWER-herbicide
pesticide used for fungi and molds - ANSWER-fungicide
pesticide used for rodents - ANSWER-rodenticide
who is most at risk of exposure to pesticides as well as the adverse effects produced by
exposure - ANSWER-those working with them (occupational)
types of insecticides (list) - ANSWER-organophosphorus compounds
pyrethroids
organochlorine compounds
rotenoids
all chemical insecticides are___ that act by poisoning the nervous system of the target
organisms - ANSWER-neurotoxicant
2 types of pathologies associated with pyrethroid toxicity - ANSWER-type 1: body
tremors, behavioral arousal, and aggressiveness
type 2: seizures, tremors, salivation
how do organophosphorous compounds function - ANSWER-inhibit
acetylcholinesterase resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine causing an
overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors
how long does it take for the cholinergic syndrome to occur when exposed to an OP
(organophosphorus compound) and what are the symptoms - ANSWER-2-3 weeks after
exposure
increased sweating, salivation, bronchial secretion GI motility
tremors and muscle twitching
hallmark of severe organophosphorous compound poisoning - ANSWER-respiratory
failure
treatment for OP contact and poisoning - ANSWER-dermal: wash with alkaline soap
ingestion: medications used to reduce GI tract absorption, atropine and diazepam
how does atropine help with organophosphorous compound poisoning - ANSWER-it
prevents the accumulation of acetylcholine on these receptors
Verified Solutions
major steps in identifying and understanding toxic agents - ANSWER-identify area of
toxicology
characterize agent and adverse effects
determine exposure characteristics
determine dose-response relationship
identify variation in toxic responses
clinical/lab testing to identify toxic agent
research experiments to study toxicological agents and their effects on molecular and
organismal level
mechanisms of toxicity - ANSWER-delivery from site of exposure to target
reaction of toxic agent with target molecule
cellular dysfunction and results in toxic effect
repair or dysrepair
area of toxicology that identifies the cell and molecular mechanisms of how chemicals
are toxic to biological systems - ANSWER-mechanistic toxicology
area of toxicology that identifies how chemicals are harmful to humans and animals -
ANSWER-forensic toxicology
area of toxicology that focuses on diseases caused by or associated with toxicological
agents - ANSWER-clinical toxicology
focuses on environmental toxicological agents that have a harmful effect on biological
systems and studying its effects on the rest of the environment - ANSWER-
environmental toxicology
substance produced by biological system - ANSWER-toxin
,substance produced by human activity - ANSWER-toxicant
how can a toxic agent react with the target molecule - ANSWER-covalent and
noncovalent binding
loss of hydrogen molecules
electron transfers
enzymatic reactions
what are effects observed when a toxic agent's target molecule affects cell regulation
(signaling) - ANSWER-dysregulation of gene expression
dysregulation of ongoing cell function
what are effects observed when a toxic agent's target molecule affects cell maintenance
- ANSWER-impaired internal maintenance
impaired external maintenance
examples of dysregulation of gene expression - ANSWER-inappropriate cell division,
apoptosis, protein synthesis
examples of dysregulation ongoing cell function - ANSWER-inappropriate
neuromuscular activity
route of exposure for pesticides - ANSWER-oral-ingestion
dermal- skin contact
inhalation
examples of impaired internal maintenance - ANSWER-impaired ATP synthesis
Ca regulation
protein synthesis
micro-tubular function
examples of impaired external maintenance - ANSWER-impaired hemostasis resulting
in bleeding
levels of repair in biological systems - ANSWER-molecular
cellular
tissue
adaptation
dysrepair in biological systems include - ANSWER-cell death
tissue damage
organ damage and organ failure
tumor formation
death
, any substance used for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests - ANSWER-pesticide
pesticide used for insects - ANSWER-insecticide
pesticide used for weeds - ANSWER-herbicide
pesticide used for fungi and molds - ANSWER-fungicide
pesticide used for rodents - ANSWER-rodenticide
who is most at risk of exposure to pesticides as well as the adverse effects produced by
exposure - ANSWER-those working with them (occupational)
types of insecticides (list) - ANSWER-organophosphorus compounds
pyrethroids
organochlorine compounds
rotenoids
all chemical insecticides are___ that act by poisoning the nervous system of the target
organisms - ANSWER-neurotoxicant
2 types of pathologies associated with pyrethroid toxicity - ANSWER-type 1: body
tremors, behavioral arousal, and aggressiveness
type 2: seizures, tremors, salivation
how do organophosphorous compounds function - ANSWER-inhibit
acetylcholinesterase resulting in an accumulation of acetylcholine causing an
overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors
how long does it take for the cholinergic syndrome to occur when exposed to an OP
(organophosphorus compound) and what are the symptoms - ANSWER-2-3 weeks after
exposure
increased sweating, salivation, bronchial secretion GI motility
tremors and muscle twitching
hallmark of severe organophosphorous compound poisoning - ANSWER-respiratory
failure
treatment for OP contact and poisoning - ANSWER-dermal: wash with alkaline soap
ingestion: medications used to reduce GI tract absorption, atropine and diazepam
how does atropine help with organophosphorous compound poisoning - ANSWER-it
prevents the accumulation of acetylcholine on these receptors
