Private Security Exam One – Chapters 4–8, 2026 –
Security Studies Study and Review Material
Adversarial System - ANS✔✔ The defense and prosecution in a legal case present their
respective sides as vigorously as possible
Civil Law - ANS✔✔ Law that governs the relationships between individuals in the course of their
private affairs, including such matters at contracts, property, wills, and torts
Civil Liability - ANS✔✔ Legal responsibility for conduct; includes intentional tort, negligence,
and strict liability
Civil Recovery/Civil Demand Programs - ANS✔✔ Programs in which retail stores instigate civil
court proceedings against shoplifters to recover monetary damages
Common Law - ANS✔✔ Unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and
supported by court decision
Criminal Liability - ANS✔✔ Responsibility for criminal action
Cross-Examination - ANS✔✔ Questioning by the opposing attorney in a judicial proceedings for
the purpose of assessing the validity of the testimony
Direct Testimony - ANS✔✔ Statements made under oath by a Witness. After a witness testifies,
the other party has the right to ask questions on cross examination
Evidence - ANS✔✔ All the means by which an alleged fact is established or disproved
, Exclusionary Rule - ANS✔✔ An interpretation of the US constitution by the US Supreme Court
that holds that evidence seized in violation of the US constitution cannot be used in court
against a defendant
Law - ANS✔✔ A system of standards and rules of human conduct that imposes obligations and
grants corresponding rights as well as a system of institutional rules on the creation,
modification, and enforcement of these standards
Miranda Rulings/Miranda Rights - ANS✔✔ Court ruling that police must read this warning that
advises the person in custody of his or her rights prior to any interrogation
Negligence - ANS✔✔ Behavior that inflicts individual harm or injury by mistake or accident
Private Justice System - ANS✔✔ A concept that holds that businesses and corporations might
prefer to deal with crime using their own internal systems and controls instead of through the
cumbersome and lengthy formal criminal justice system
Shopkeepers or merchants privilege - ANS✔✔ common law doctrine that holds that a merchant
or shopkeeper can reasonably detain and question a person if she or he has a justified suspicion
that the person is committing an illegal act; also known as the merchant's privilege
Strict Liability - ANS✔✔ civil liability for an action although no intent is present
Torts - ANS✔✔ personal wrongs, as opposed to criminal wrongs
Vicarious Liability - ANS✔✔ responsibility of employers, managers, or supervisors for the legal
actions of their employees
Security Studies Study and Review Material
Adversarial System - ANS✔✔ The defense and prosecution in a legal case present their
respective sides as vigorously as possible
Civil Law - ANS✔✔ Law that governs the relationships between individuals in the course of their
private affairs, including such matters at contracts, property, wills, and torts
Civil Liability - ANS✔✔ Legal responsibility for conduct; includes intentional tort, negligence,
and strict liability
Civil Recovery/Civil Demand Programs - ANS✔✔ Programs in which retail stores instigate civil
court proceedings against shoplifters to recover monetary damages
Common Law - ANS✔✔ Unwritten legal precedents created through everyday practice and
supported by court decision
Criminal Liability - ANS✔✔ Responsibility for criminal action
Cross-Examination - ANS✔✔ Questioning by the opposing attorney in a judicial proceedings for
the purpose of assessing the validity of the testimony
Direct Testimony - ANS✔✔ Statements made under oath by a Witness. After a witness testifies,
the other party has the right to ask questions on cross examination
Evidence - ANS✔✔ All the means by which an alleged fact is established or disproved
, Exclusionary Rule - ANS✔✔ An interpretation of the US constitution by the US Supreme Court
that holds that evidence seized in violation of the US constitution cannot be used in court
against a defendant
Law - ANS✔✔ A system of standards and rules of human conduct that imposes obligations and
grants corresponding rights as well as a system of institutional rules on the creation,
modification, and enforcement of these standards
Miranda Rulings/Miranda Rights - ANS✔✔ Court ruling that police must read this warning that
advises the person in custody of his or her rights prior to any interrogation
Negligence - ANS✔✔ Behavior that inflicts individual harm or injury by mistake or accident
Private Justice System - ANS✔✔ A concept that holds that businesses and corporations might
prefer to deal with crime using their own internal systems and controls instead of through the
cumbersome and lengthy formal criminal justice system
Shopkeepers or merchants privilege - ANS✔✔ common law doctrine that holds that a merchant
or shopkeeper can reasonably detain and question a person if she or he has a justified suspicion
that the person is committing an illegal act; also known as the merchant's privilege
Strict Liability - ANS✔✔ civil liability for an action although no intent is present
Torts - ANS✔✔ personal wrongs, as opposed to criminal wrongs
Vicarious Liability - ANS✔✔ responsibility of employers, managers, or supervisors for the legal
actions of their employees
