PORTH'S PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: CONCEPTS OF
ALTERED HEALTH STATES 10TH EDITION BY
TOMMIE L NORRIS , RUPA LALCHANDANI TEST
BANK ALL CHAPTERS COVERED
, Chapter 01: Concepts of Health and Disease
Question 1 1 out of 1 points
The neuroscience\ nursing\ unit\ has\ developed\ a\ set\ of\ step-by-step\ directions\ of\ what\ should\ occur\
if\ a\ nursing\ assessment\ reveals\ the\ client\ may\ be\ exhibiting\ clinical\ manifestations\ of\ a\
cerebrovascular\ accident\ (CVA).\ Which\ statement\ about\ clinical\ practice\ guidelines\ are\ accurate?\
Select\ all\ that\ apply.
Selected C.
Answers:\ When\ developing\ a\ CVA\ set\ of\ step-by-step\ directions,\ the\ nursing\ unit\ should\ ask\ for\
assistance\ from\ experts\ in\ the\ neuroscience\ field.\ The\ potential\ users\ of\ the\ guidelines\ should\ pilot\
test\ it\ for\ further\ feedback.
D.
A\ meta-analysis\ could\ be\ utilized\ to\ combine\ evidence\ from\ different\ studies\ to\ produce\ a\ more\
accurate\ diagnostic\ method.
E.
The\ development\ of\ evidence-based\ practice\ guidelines\ require\ a\ research\ review\ from\ different\
studies\ to\ develop\ the\ most\ accurate\ diagnostic\ method\ to\ implement.
Response Rationale:\ Clinical\ practice\ guidelines\ are\ systematically
Feedback: developed\ and\ intended\ to\ inform\ practitioners\ in\ making\ decisions\ about\ health\ care\
for\ CVA\ clients.\ They\ should\ be\ developed\ using\ research\ and\ review\ by\ experts\ in\ the\ clinical\
content.\ Potential\ users\ should\ also\ participate\ and\ provide\ feedback\ prior\ to\ implementation.\ The\
purpose\ of\ the\ guidelines\ is\ to\ review\ EBP\ articles\ and\ develop\ new\ practice\ guidelines\ rather\ that\
continuing\ practicing\ primarily\ on\ "how\ it\ has\ always\ been\ done\ before."\ Once\ developed,\ the\
guidelines\ must\ be\ continually\ reviewed\ and\ changed\ to\ keep\ pace\ with\ new\ research\ findings.\ A\
meta-analysis\ could\ be\ utilized\ to\ combine\ evidence\ from\ different\ studies\ to\ produce\ a\ more\
accurate\ diagnostic\ method\ or\ the\ effects\ of\ an\ intervention\ method.
,Question\ 2 1\ out\ of\ 1\ points
Question\ 2
The\ nurse\ is\ questioning\ the\ validity\ of\ oxygen\ saturation\ readings\ from\ the\ new\ oximeters\ on\ the\
unit.\ Which\ action\ should\ the\ nurse\ take\ to\ best\ determine\ if\ the\ results\ from\ the\ oximeter\ are\ valid?
Selected D.
Answer: Compare\ clients'\ results\ to\ measurements\ taken\ using\ arterial\ blood\ gas\ analyses.
Response Rationale:\ Validity\ refers\ to\ the\ extent\ to\ which\ a
Feedback: measurement\ tool\ measures\ what\ it\ is\ intended\ to\ measure.
The\ best\ way\ to\ confirm\ validity\ is\ to\ compare\ the\ measurement\ against\ those\ from\ another\ test\ that\
measures\ the\ same\ data.\ Oxygen\ saturation\ levels\ and\ PaO\ 2\ are\ both
reported\ on\ arterial\ blood\ gas\ (ABG)\ results.\ The\ results\ from\ any\ client\ who\ had\ an\ ABG\ done\
concurrent\ with\ an\ oxygen\ saturation\ measurement\ with\ the\ new\ oximeter\ could\ be\ compared\ for\
discrepancy.\ Repeating\ the\ test\ with\ the\ same\ device\ would\ provide\ information\ about\ reliability.\
Reviewing\ the\ literature\ may\ provide\ the\ nurse\ with\ the\ company's\ interpretation\ of\ the\ validity\ of\
the\ oximeter\ brand,\ but\ this\ does\ not\ guarantee\ perfect\ functioning\ of\ the\ unit\ in\ question.\ If\ the\
results\ are\ inaccurate,\ comparing\ these\ inaccurate\ results\ to\ one\ another\ will\ not\ help\ determine\
validity\ of\ the\ measurement.
, Question 3 \
A\nurse\ researcher\ is\ interested\ in\ the\ natural\ history\ of\ a\ disease\ being\ studied.\ What\ should\ the\
nurse\ focus\ on\ to\ best\ understand\ the\ condition's\ natural\ history?
Selected\ A.
Answer: Focusing\ on\ clients\ who\ did\ not\ receive\ treatment\ for\ the\
condition
Response\ Rationale:\ The\ natural\ history\ of\ a\ disease\ refers\ to\ the\
Feedback: progression\ and\ projected\ outcome\ of\ the\ disease\ without\
medical\ intervention.\ For\ this\ reason,\ following\ clients\ who\
have\ had\ any\ level\ of\ treatment\ will\ be\ less\ valuable\ at\
establishing\ natural\ history\ than\ focusing\ on\ only\ those\ who\
have\ had\ no\ treatment.\ Client\ experience\ with\ the\ condition\
will\ not\ inform\ how\ the\ disease\ progresses\ from\ a\
pathogenesis\ perspective.
Question\ 4 1\ out\ of \ 1\ points
A\ nurse\ practitioner\ is\ working\ in\ a\ crowded\ neighborhood\ where\ the\
population\ is\ primarily\ immigrants\ from\ China.\ The\ nurse\ has\ designed\ a\
research\ study\ to\ follow\ children\ from\ kindergarten\ to\ the\ age\ of\ 25.\
She\ is\ going\ to\ be\ looking\ at\ their\ diet,\ successful\ progression\ in\ school,\
health\ practices,\ and\ development\ of\ disease,\ to\ name\ a\ few\ items.\ This\
type\ of\ research\ is\ known\ as:
Selected \ Answer: B.\ Cohort\ study
Response\ Rationale:\ In\ this\ cohort\ study,\ a\ group\ of\ people\ who\ were\
Feedback: born\ at\ approximately\ the\ same\ time\ or\ share\ some\
characteristics\ of\ interest\ is\ the\ focus\ of\ the\ research.\ This\
study\ does\ not\ possess\ the\ characteristics\ of\ a\ case–control\ or\
cross-sectional\ study.\ Epidemiologic\ study\ is\ not\ an\ existing\
methodology.
Question\ 5 1\ out\of \ 1 \ points
The\ clinical\ educator\ of\ a\ hospital\ medical\ unit\ has\ the\ mandate\ of\
establishing\ evidence-based\ practice\ guidelines\ for\ the\ nursing\ care\ on\ the\
unit.\ Which\ statement\ most\ accurately\ captures\ a\ guiding\ principle\ of\ the\
nurse's\ task?
Selected\ A.
Answer: The\ guidelines\ will\ combine\ individual\ expertise\ with\
external\ systematic\ evidence.
ALTERED HEALTH STATES 10TH EDITION BY
TOMMIE L NORRIS , RUPA LALCHANDANI TEST
BANK ALL CHAPTERS COVERED
, Chapter 01: Concepts of Health and Disease
Question 1 1 out of 1 points
The neuroscience\ nursing\ unit\ has\ developed\ a\ set\ of\ step-by-step\ directions\ of\ what\ should\ occur\
if\ a\ nursing\ assessment\ reveals\ the\ client\ may\ be\ exhibiting\ clinical\ manifestations\ of\ a\
cerebrovascular\ accident\ (CVA).\ Which\ statement\ about\ clinical\ practice\ guidelines\ are\ accurate?\
Select\ all\ that\ apply.
Selected C.
Answers:\ When\ developing\ a\ CVA\ set\ of\ step-by-step\ directions,\ the\ nursing\ unit\ should\ ask\ for\
assistance\ from\ experts\ in\ the\ neuroscience\ field.\ The\ potential\ users\ of\ the\ guidelines\ should\ pilot\
test\ it\ for\ further\ feedback.
D.
A\ meta-analysis\ could\ be\ utilized\ to\ combine\ evidence\ from\ different\ studies\ to\ produce\ a\ more\
accurate\ diagnostic\ method.
E.
The\ development\ of\ evidence-based\ practice\ guidelines\ require\ a\ research\ review\ from\ different\
studies\ to\ develop\ the\ most\ accurate\ diagnostic\ method\ to\ implement.
Response Rationale:\ Clinical\ practice\ guidelines\ are\ systematically
Feedback: developed\ and\ intended\ to\ inform\ practitioners\ in\ making\ decisions\ about\ health\ care\
for\ CVA\ clients.\ They\ should\ be\ developed\ using\ research\ and\ review\ by\ experts\ in\ the\ clinical\
content.\ Potential\ users\ should\ also\ participate\ and\ provide\ feedback\ prior\ to\ implementation.\ The\
purpose\ of\ the\ guidelines\ is\ to\ review\ EBP\ articles\ and\ develop\ new\ practice\ guidelines\ rather\ that\
continuing\ practicing\ primarily\ on\ "how\ it\ has\ always\ been\ done\ before."\ Once\ developed,\ the\
guidelines\ must\ be\ continually\ reviewed\ and\ changed\ to\ keep\ pace\ with\ new\ research\ findings.\ A\
meta-analysis\ could\ be\ utilized\ to\ combine\ evidence\ from\ different\ studies\ to\ produce\ a\ more\
accurate\ diagnostic\ method\ or\ the\ effects\ of\ an\ intervention\ method.
,Question\ 2 1\ out\ of\ 1\ points
Question\ 2
The\ nurse\ is\ questioning\ the\ validity\ of\ oxygen\ saturation\ readings\ from\ the\ new\ oximeters\ on\ the\
unit.\ Which\ action\ should\ the\ nurse\ take\ to\ best\ determine\ if\ the\ results\ from\ the\ oximeter\ are\ valid?
Selected D.
Answer: Compare\ clients'\ results\ to\ measurements\ taken\ using\ arterial\ blood\ gas\ analyses.
Response Rationale:\ Validity\ refers\ to\ the\ extent\ to\ which\ a
Feedback: measurement\ tool\ measures\ what\ it\ is\ intended\ to\ measure.
The\ best\ way\ to\ confirm\ validity\ is\ to\ compare\ the\ measurement\ against\ those\ from\ another\ test\ that\
measures\ the\ same\ data.\ Oxygen\ saturation\ levels\ and\ PaO\ 2\ are\ both
reported\ on\ arterial\ blood\ gas\ (ABG)\ results.\ The\ results\ from\ any\ client\ who\ had\ an\ ABG\ done\
concurrent\ with\ an\ oxygen\ saturation\ measurement\ with\ the\ new\ oximeter\ could\ be\ compared\ for\
discrepancy.\ Repeating\ the\ test\ with\ the\ same\ device\ would\ provide\ information\ about\ reliability.\
Reviewing\ the\ literature\ may\ provide\ the\ nurse\ with\ the\ company's\ interpretation\ of\ the\ validity\ of\
the\ oximeter\ brand,\ but\ this\ does\ not\ guarantee\ perfect\ functioning\ of\ the\ unit\ in\ question.\ If\ the\
results\ are\ inaccurate,\ comparing\ these\ inaccurate\ results\ to\ one\ another\ will\ not\ help\ determine\
validity\ of\ the\ measurement.
, Question 3 \
A\nurse\ researcher\ is\ interested\ in\ the\ natural\ history\ of\ a\ disease\ being\ studied.\ What\ should\ the\
nurse\ focus\ on\ to\ best\ understand\ the\ condition's\ natural\ history?
Selected\ A.
Answer: Focusing\ on\ clients\ who\ did\ not\ receive\ treatment\ for\ the\
condition
Response\ Rationale:\ The\ natural\ history\ of\ a\ disease\ refers\ to\ the\
Feedback: progression\ and\ projected\ outcome\ of\ the\ disease\ without\
medical\ intervention.\ For\ this\ reason,\ following\ clients\ who\
have\ had\ any\ level\ of\ treatment\ will\ be\ less\ valuable\ at\
establishing\ natural\ history\ than\ focusing\ on\ only\ those\ who\
have\ had\ no\ treatment.\ Client\ experience\ with\ the\ condition\
will\ not\ inform\ how\ the\ disease\ progresses\ from\ a\
pathogenesis\ perspective.
Question\ 4 1\ out\ of \ 1\ points
A\ nurse\ practitioner\ is\ working\ in\ a\ crowded\ neighborhood\ where\ the\
population\ is\ primarily\ immigrants\ from\ China.\ The\ nurse\ has\ designed\ a\
research\ study\ to\ follow\ children\ from\ kindergarten\ to\ the\ age\ of\ 25.\
She\ is\ going\ to\ be\ looking\ at\ their\ diet,\ successful\ progression\ in\ school,\
health\ practices,\ and\ development\ of\ disease,\ to\ name\ a\ few\ items.\ This\
type\ of\ research\ is\ known\ as:
Selected \ Answer: B.\ Cohort\ study
Response\ Rationale:\ In\ this\ cohort\ study,\ a\ group\ of\ people\ who\ were\
Feedback: born\ at\ approximately\ the\ same\ time\ or\ share\ some\
characteristics\ of\ interest\ is\ the\ focus\ of\ the\ research.\ This\
study\ does\ not\ possess\ the\ characteristics\ of\ a\ case–control\ or\
cross-sectional\ study.\ Epidemiologic\ study\ is\ not\ an\ existing\
methodology.
Question\ 5 1\ out\of \ 1 \ points
The\ clinical\ educator\ of\ a\ hospital\ medical\ unit\ has\ the\ mandate\ of\
establishing\ evidence-based\ practice\ guidelines\ for\ the\ nursing\ care\ on\ the\
unit.\ Which\ statement\ most\ accurately\ captures\ a\ guiding\ principle\ of\ the\
nurse's\ task?
Selected\ A.
Answer: The\ guidelines\ will\ combine\ individual\ expertise\ with\
external\ systematic\ evidence.
