PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING FINAL CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEED PASS
⩥ List the major events that influenced the development of counselling
from before 1900 to 2000. Answer: Before 1900
-Counselling grew out of humanitarian concern for the lives of those
impacted by the Industrial Revolution Moral Therapy Movement
(France/Canada)
-Mental Health Movement (1900-1909) + Clifford Beers (Advocate
(with lived experience) for better mental health facilities and reform in
treatment of those with mental illness) Co-founded CMHA in 1918.
-Vocational Guidance Movement (1900-1909) + Frank Parsons
(Choosing a vocation was matter of knowledge of work, knowledge of
self, and matching two together through reasoning)
1910s to 1940s.
-Smith-Hughes Act of 1917: $$$ for vocational guidance and education.
1920s: Edward Thorndike challenged vocational orientation of
counselling, argued for the broadening of counselling.
-Psychometrics were embraced, which helped the discipline be respected
in scientific community but neglected sociology, biology, anthropology.
,-1931: First mention of "counselling" in literature.E.G. Williamson in
1930s:
-First counselling theory, which emphasized direct, counsellor-centered
approach and the counsellor's teaching, mentoring, and influencing
skills. Premise: Individuals had traits that could be integrated in variety
of ways to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics).
Counsellor must ascertain a deficiency in the client and then prescribe a
procedure to rectify the problem.
-Late 1930s: WWII created role for psychologists and counsellors in
both US and Canada: test construction, administration, scoring for
selecting and classifying military personnel.
-1939: CPA formed by E.A. Bott, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy.
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counselling and Psychotherapy, which
challenged the counsellor-centered approach of Williamson as well as
major tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis. He also emphasized the
importance of the client and gave them responsib
⩥ Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have
influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.
Answer: 1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring
counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on
positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as
key to discipline
, 5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it's like to live
in a pluralistic society
⩥ Describe the similarities and differences between the history of
counselling in the United States and the counselling movement in
Canada. Answer: Similarities:
WWII: Counsellors and psychologists asked to create, administer, and
score tests in an effort to select, classify military personnel.
Differences:
Counselling grew out of psychology in the U.S. and
educational/vocational guidance in Canada.
⩥ What are Similarities & Differences between Counselling and
Psychotherapy. Answer: the line is blurred,
psychotherapy - large focus on past, looks at insight more than change
Counselling - development of issues, overcoming problems/inner issues,
& coping with crisis/stress/ problems
⩥ Which decades were most influential to counselling? why? what
events happened?. Answer: 1960-1980
when counselling became a real profession,
regulatory bodies were formed and the profession started to become
standardized
COUNSELLING FINAL CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 FULL SOLUTIONS
GUARANTEED PASS
⩥ List the major events that influenced the development of counselling
from before 1900 to 2000. Answer: Before 1900
-Counselling grew out of humanitarian concern for the lives of those
impacted by the Industrial Revolution Moral Therapy Movement
(France/Canada)
-Mental Health Movement (1900-1909) + Clifford Beers (Advocate
(with lived experience) for better mental health facilities and reform in
treatment of those with mental illness) Co-founded CMHA in 1918.
-Vocational Guidance Movement (1900-1909) + Frank Parsons
(Choosing a vocation was matter of knowledge of work, knowledge of
self, and matching two together through reasoning)
1910s to 1940s.
-Smith-Hughes Act of 1917: $$$ for vocational guidance and education.
1920s: Edward Thorndike challenged vocational orientation of
counselling, argued for the broadening of counselling.
-Psychometrics were embraced, which helped the discipline be respected
in scientific community but neglected sociology, biology, anthropology.
,-1931: First mention of "counselling" in literature.E.G. Williamson in
1930s:
-First counselling theory, which emphasized direct, counsellor-centered
approach and the counsellor's teaching, mentoring, and influencing
skills. Premise: Individuals had traits that could be integrated in variety
of ways to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics).
Counsellor must ascertain a deficiency in the client and then prescribe a
procedure to rectify the problem.
-Late 1930s: WWII created role for psychologists and counsellors in
both US and Canada: test construction, administration, scoring for
selecting and classifying military personnel.
-1939: CPA formed by E.A. Bott, George Humphrey, Roy Liddy.
-1942: Carl Rogers published Counselling and Psychotherapy, which
challenged the counsellor-centered approach of Williamson as well as
major tenets of Freudian psychoanalysis. He also emphasized the
importance of the client and gave them responsib
⩥ Identify and briefly discuss at least five important factors that have
influenced the development of counselling in Canada since 1960.
Answer: 1)Community mental health movement, which helped bring
counselling out of education and into mainstream
2) Shift in focus from remediation to prevention and emphasis on
positive psychology: growth and development of persons
3)Recognition and standardization of the counselling discipline
4)Development of and focus on helping skills (relationship, comms) as
key to discipline
, 5)Attention on gender, sexuality, race, ethnicity and what it's like to live
in a pluralistic society
⩥ Describe the similarities and differences between the history of
counselling in the United States and the counselling movement in
Canada. Answer: Similarities:
WWII: Counsellors and psychologists asked to create, administer, and
score tests in an effort to select, classify military personnel.
Differences:
Counselling grew out of psychology in the U.S. and
educational/vocational guidance in Canada.
⩥ What are Similarities & Differences between Counselling and
Psychotherapy. Answer: the line is blurred,
psychotherapy - large focus on past, looks at insight more than change
Counselling - development of issues, overcoming problems/inner issues,
& coping with crisis/stress/ problems
⩥ Which decades were most influential to counselling? why? what
events happened?. Answer: 1960-1980
when counselling became a real profession,
regulatory bodies were formed and the profession started to become
standardized
