PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FOR THE HEALTH
PROFESSIONS FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Liquefaction. Answer: Dead cells are liquefied by enzymes
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Coagulation. Answer: Cell proteins are denatured and insoluble
Caseous
Thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms in tissue
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Fat Necrosis. Answer: Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
,Infarction. Answer: Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Gangrene. Answer: Area of necrotic tissue that has been infected by
bacteria
◉ 1. What two pressure gradients determine the direction of net
fluid movement in the capillaries?
2. What changes in these pressures promote edema?
3. What changes would lead to tissue dehydration?. Answer: 1.
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Blood Pressure; higher in blood than interstitial fluid, allowing
pressure (promotes filtration). PUSH
2. An abnormal increase in extravascular water secondary to
elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation
3. large increases in tissue interstitial pressure can lead to tissue
damage and cellular death.
,1. Osmotic Pressure:
Acts as a pull to bring water back in the bloodstream (promotes
absorption). PULL
2. Decrease in absorption
3. Changes that would lead to tissue dehydration
Loss of water and salt from the body
◉ Identify the normal first, second, and third line defenses to
infection and injury. Answer: First Line
Mechanical (skin or mucous membrane) and chemical barriers
(saliva or tears that contain enzymes or chemicals that inactivate or
destroy potentially damaging material).
Second Line
Innate immune responses
Third Line
Specific immune responses
Provides protection by stimulating the production of unique
antibodies
, ◉ Explain the general pathophysiological events that occur in
inflammation, for example:
What types of things trigger inflammation?. Answer: A cut, an
allergic reaction, an insect bite, an infection, or a small burn on the
body
◉ Explain the general pathophysiological events that occur in
inflammation, for example:
What changes occur in the local arterioles and capillaries with
inflammation?. Answer: Steps of Inflammation that occur in the local
arterioles and capillaries...
Bradykinin is released from the injured cells
Bradykinin activates pain receptors
Sensation of pain stimulate mast cells and basophils to release
histamine
Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation
(vasodilation)(This results in an increase of blood flow and
increased capillary permeability)
PROFESSIONS FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Liquefaction. Answer: Dead cells are liquefied by enzymes
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Coagulation. Answer: Cell proteins are denatured and insoluble
Caseous
Thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms in tissue
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Fat Necrosis. Answer: Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
,Infarction. Answer: Area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
◉ Differentiate between types of tissue necrosis
Gangrene. Answer: Area of necrotic tissue that has been infected by
bacteria
◉ 1. What two pressure gradients determine the direction of net
fluid movement in the capillaries?
2. What changes in these pressures promote edema?
3. What changes would lead to tissue dehydration?. Answer: 1.
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Blood Pressure; higher in blood than interstitial fluid, allowing
pressure (promotes filtration). PUSH
2. An abnormal increase in extravascular water secondary to
elevated pressure in the pulmonary circulation
3. large increases in tissue interstitial pressure can lead to tissue
damage and cellular death.
,1. Osmotic Pressure:
Acts as a pull to bring water back in the bloodstream (promotes
absorption). PULL
2. Decrease in absorption
3. Changes that would lead to tissue dehydration
Loss of water and salt from the body
◉ Identify the normal first, second, and third line defenses to
infection and injury. Answer: First Line
Mechanical (skin or mucous membrane) and chemical barriers
(saliva or tears that contain enzymes or chemicals that inactivate or
destroy potentially damaging material).
Second Line
Innate immune responses
Third Line
Specific immune responses
Provides protection by stimulating the production of unique
antibodies
, ◉ Explain the general pathophysiological events that occur in
inflammation, for example:
What types of things trigger inflammation?. Answer: A cut, an
allergic reaction, an insect bite, an infection, or a small burn on the
body
◉ Explain the general pathophysiological events that occur in
inflammation, for example:
What changes occur in the local arterioles and capillaries with
inflammation?. Answer: Steps of Inflammation that occur in the local
arterioles and capillaries...
Bradykinin is released from the injured cells
Bradykinin activates pain receptors
Sensation of pain stimulate mast cells and basophils to release
histamine
Bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation
(vasodilation)(This results in an increase of blood flow and
increased capillary permeability)
