CANC 380 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW
2 most important research developments Ans✓✓✓1. mapping of human
genome
2. lifestyle contribution to cancer
Darwinian evolution: natural selection Ans✓✓✓All living things are
descendants of a common ancestor where each new species are more
adapted to their native environment
Favourable trait in environment survive and reproduce and pass to
offspring
Occurs by random genetic mutations
Requirements for natural selection Ans✓✓✓-variation in population
-heritable
-influences survival and reproductive rates
clone vs subclone Ans✓✓✓clone- group of cells from same parents
sub-clone- product of mutant cells from a clone
selective pressures Ans✓✓✓- environmental factors/conditions that
reduce reproductive success of variant populations
,- develop proliferative growth advantage
- contributes to natural selection
Examples- oxygen/nutrient availability, pH, tumour/stromal/immune
cells growth factors, hormones, angiogenic factors, extracellular matrix,
interstitial pressure, therapies
Forms of evolution Ans✓✓✓divergent- populations of single species
have enough phenotypic differences to become separate species (cancer
cells --> subclones with different mutations)
convergent- 2 unrelated species develop similar structures due to similar
environmental selective pressures (mutations in subclones came from
different clones)
parallel- 2 unrelated species evolve on similar pass to produce similar
phenotypic traits (amplification of growth receptors is common in
cancers even if gene amplified is different)
Tumour antigens Ans✓✓✓1. mutated products: mutations in genes that
favour uncontrolled growth result in abnormal proteins and are
expressed as antigens
2. protein levels: abnormal expression of growth proteins
3. glycolipids: over-expression of normal structure or presence of
abnormal structure
4. oncogenic products: foreign product (viral proteins expressed)
,Innate therapy Ans✓✓✓NK cells- kills cells expressing tumour antigens
Macrophages- become tumourcidal through cytokines (IFN-y)
TNF- stimulate coagulation (cuts of nutrient supply)
Adaptive therapy Ans✓✓✓Cytotoxic T cells- through APCs
Helper T cells- cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells and innate
response
Antibodies- activate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and complement
pathways
Immunoediting Ans✓✓✓immune system can destroy and influence
development of malignant cells by acting as a selective pressure
Immune surveillance Ans✓✓✓constantly surveilling dividing cells and
ensuring normal function
Tumour destruction Ans✓✓✓lymphocytes in tumours recognize tumour
antigens
Tumour promotion Ans✓✓✓immune system is involved in development
of tumours
Staging system (TNM) Ans✓✓✓Tumour- size, location
, Node- spread to lymph nodes, how many
Metastasis- has it spread, where, how much
TMN stages Ans✓✓✓Stage 0- in situ, highly curable
Stage 1- localised, begins to spread
Stage 2 &3- regional spread, grows into other tissues and nodes
Stage 4- metastatic
Bladder Cancer Staging Ans✓✓✓Non muscle invasive
- TIS/Ta- in situ, surface of bladder
- Ti- extands to lamina propria
Muscle invasive
- T2a- first layers of muscularis propria
- T2b- deeper layers
- T3- perivesicle fat around bladder
T4- outside perivesical fat into tissues
Tumour grading Ans✓✓✓G1 (low)- well differentiated, look and
behave like normal cells, not aggressive, slow growing
G2 (intermediate)- moderately differentiated, most cancer cells
G3 (high)- poorly differentiated, look and behave differently from
normal cells, aggressive, fast growing
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+||BRAND NEW
2 most important research developments Ans✓✓✓1. mapping of human
genome
2. lifestyle contribution to cancer
Darwinian evolution: natural selection Ans✓✓✓All living things are
descendants of a common ancestor where each new species are more
adapted to their native environment
Favourable trait in environment survive and reproduce and pass to
offspring
Occurs by random genetic mutations
Requirements for natural selection Ans✓✓✓-variation in population
-heritable
-influences survival and reproductive rates
clone vs subclone Ans✓✓✓clone- group of cells from same parents
sub-clone- product of mutant cells from a clone
selective pressures Ans✓✓✓- environmental factors/conditions that
reduce reproductive success of variant populations
,- develop proliferative growth advantage
- contributes to natural selection
Examples- oxygen/nutrient availability, pH, tumour/stromal/immune
cells growth factors, hormones, angiogenic factors, extracellular matrix,
interstitial pressure, therapies
Forms of evolution Ans✓✓✓divergent- populations of single species
have enough phenotypic differences to become separate species (cancer
cells --> subclones with different mutations)
convergent- 2 unrelated species develop similar structures due to similar
environmental selective pressures (mutations in subclones came from
different clones)
parallel- 2 unrelated species evolve on similar pass to produce similar
phenotypic traits (amplification of growth receptors is common in
cancers even if gene amplified is different)
Tumour antigens Ans✓✓✓1. mutated products: mutations in genes that
favour uncontrolled growth result in abnormal proteins and are
expressed as antigens
2. protein levels: abnormal expression of growth proteins
3. glycolipids: over-expression of normal structure or presence of
abnormal structure
4. oncogenic products: foreign product (viral proteins expressed)
,Innate therapy Ans✓✓✓NK cells- kills cells expressing tumour antigens
Macrophages- become tumourcidal through cytokines (IFN-y)
TNF- stimulate coagulation (cuts of nutrient supply)
Adaptive therapy Ans✓✓✓Cytotoxic T cells- through APCs
Helper T cells- cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells and innate
response
Antibodies- activate antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and complement
pathways
Immunoediting Ans✓✓✓immune system can destroy and influence
development of malignant cells by acting as a selective pressure
Immune surveillance Ans✓✓✓constantly surveilling dividing cells and
ensuring normal function
Tumour destruction Ans✓✓✓lymphocytes in tumours recognize tumour
antigens
Tumour promotion Ans✓✓✓immune system is involved in development
of tumours
Staging system (TNM) Ans✓✓✓Tumour- size, location
, Node- spread to lymph nodes, how many
Metastasis- has it spread, where, how much
TMN stages Ans✓✓✓Stage 0- in situ, highly curable
Stage 1- localised, begins to spread
Stage 2 &3- regional spread, grows into other tissues and nodes
Stage 4- metastatic
Bladder Cancer Staging Ans✓✓✓Non muscle invasive
- TIS/Ta- in situ, surface of bladder
- Ti- extands to lamina propria
Muscle invasive
- T2a- first layers of muscularis propria
- T2b- deeper layers
- T3- perivesicle fat around bladder
T4- outside perivesical fat into tissues
Tumour grading Ans✓✓✓G1 (low)- well differentiated, look and
behave like normal cells, not aggressive, slow growing
G2 (intermediate)- moderately differentiated, most cancer cells
G3 (high)- poorly differentiated, look and behave differently from
normal cells, aggressive, fast growing
