NR 602 FINAL EXAM MULTIPLE VERSIONS
2026 ACTUAL TEST PAPER WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
⩥ Tinea corporis (ringworm). Answer: Physical Examination
• Classical appearance of lesions: Annular, oval, or circinate with one or
more flat, scaling, mildly erythematous circular patches or plaques with
red, scaly borders
• Lesions spread peripherally and clear centrally or may be inflammatory
throughout with superficial pustules
• Often prominent over hair follicles
• Multiple secondary lesions may merge into a large area several
centimeters in diameter
⩥ Myopia (nearsightedness). Answer: or nearsightedness, exists when
the axial length of the eye is increased in relation to the eye's optical
power. As a result, light from a distant object is focused in front of the
retina rather than directly on it. A child sees close objects clearly but
distant objects are blurry.
⩥ Hyperopia (farsightedness). Answer: or farsightedness, exists when
the visual image is focused behind the retina. As a result, distant objects
are seen clearly but close objects are blurry.
,⩥ astigmatism. Answer: exists when the curvature of the cornea or the
lens is uneven; thus the retina cannot appropriately focus light from an
object regardless of the distance, which makes vision blurry close up and
far away.
⩥ Anisometropia. Answer: is a different refractive error in each eye. It
may consist of any combination of refractive errors discussed earlier, or
it may occur with aphakia.
⩥ amblyopia. Answer: It is usually a unilateral deficit in which there is
defective development of the visual pathways needed to attain central
vision. Clear focused images fail to reach the brain, resulting in reduced
or permanent loss of vision. The condition is labeled (or typed)
according to the structural or refractive problem that is causing the poor
visual image to reach the brain: deprivational, or obstruction of vision
(e.g., caused by ptosis, cataract, nystagmus), strabismic (caused by
strabismus or lazy eye), or refractive (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,
anisometropia).
⩥ strabismus. Answer: is a defect in ocular alignment, or the position of
the eyes in relation to each other; it is commonly called lazy eye. In this
condition the visual axes are not parallel because the muscles of the eyes
are not coordinated; when one eye is directed straight ahead, the other
deviates. As a result, one or both eyes appear crossed. In children,
strabismus may appear as a phoria or tropia
,⩥ Phoria. Answer: is an intermittent deviation in ocular alignment that is
held latent by sensory fusion. The child can maintain alignment on an
object. Deviation occurs when binocular fusion is disrupted, most often
during the cover/uncover test.
⩥ Tropias. Answer: is a consistent or intermittent deviation in ocular
alignment. A child with this condition is unable to maintain alignment on
an object of fixation. Intermittent may occur when a child is tired.
⩥ blepharoptosis, ptosis. Answer: drooping of the upper eyelids
affecting one or both eyes. It can be congenital or acquired, secondary to
trauma or inflammation.
⩥ nystagmus. Answer: is the presence of involuntary, rhythmic
movements that may be pendular oscillations or jerky drifts of one or
both eyes. Movement is horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed, and is
classified as congenital or acquired.
⩥ cataract. Answer: a partial or complete opacity of the lens affecting
one or both eyes, is the most common cause of an abnormal pupillary
reflex.
⩥ Glaucoma. Answer: is a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid
that results in an increase in IOP and subsequent damage to the optic
nerve. It can be classified according to age at the time of its appearance
and type of structural abnormality or other associated conditions.
, Primary congenital is present at birth; infantile develops in the first 1 to
2 years of life; juvenile occurs after age 3. Most glaucoma has no
identifiable cause and is considered primary.
⩥ Signs and symptoms of glaucoma. Answer: Clinicians should look for
• The classic triad—tearing, photophobia, and excessive
blinking/blepharospasm
• Whether their infant tends to turn away from light
• Hazy corneas, corneal edema
⩥ management of glaucoma. Answer: Primary treatment is surgery as
early as possible (often multiple surgeries are required). Medications
may be used as part of the medical management. Systemic
(azetazolamide or methazolamide) or topical (dorzolamide or
brinzolamide drops) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors will reduce IOP. Beta
blocker (timolol) or combined beta blocker/carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
drops may be used
⩥ Retinoblastoma. Answer: is an intraocular tumor that develops in the
retina. Although it is rare, this malignant retinal tumor is the most
common tumor in childhood (some 4% of cancers in children younger
than 15 years of age)
⩥ Retinoblastoma. Answer: Clinical Findings
• Strabismus is the most common finding.
2026 ACTUAL TEST PAPER WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
⩥ Tinea corporis (ringworm). Answer: Physical Examination
• Classical appearance of lesions: Annular, oval, or circinate with one or
more flat, scaling, mildly erythematous circular patches or plaques with
red, scaly borders
• Lesions spread peripherally and clear centrally or may be inflammatory
throughout with superficial pustules
• Often prominent over hair follicles
• Multiple secondary lesions may merge into a large area several
centimeters in diameter
⩥ Myopia (nearsightedness). Answer: or nearsightedness, exists when
the axial length of the eye is increased in relation to the eye's optical
power. As a result, light from a distant object is focused in front of the
retina rather than directly on it. A child sees close objects clearly but
distant objects are blurry.
⩥ Hyperopia (farsightedness). Answer: or farsightedness, exists when
the visual image is focused behind the retina. As a result, distant objects
are seen clearly but close objects are blurry.
,⩥ astigmatism. Answer: exists when the curvature of the cornea or the
lens is uneven; thus the retina cannot appropriately focus light from an
object regardless of the distance, which makes vision blurry close up and
far away.
⩥ Anisometropia. Answer: is a different refractive error in each eye. It
may consist of any combination of refractive errors discussed earlier, or
it may occur with aphakia.
⩥ amblyopia. Answer: It is usually a unilateral deficit in which there is
defective development of the visual pathways needed to attain central
vision. Clear focused images fail to reach the brain, resulting in reduced
or permanent loss of vision. The condition is labeled (or typed)
according to the structural or refractive problem that is causing the poor
visual image to reach the brain: deprivational, or obstruction of vision
(e.g., caused by ptosis, cataract, nystagmus), strabismic (caused by
strabismus or lazy eye), or refractive (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,
anisometropia).
⩥ strabismus. Answer: is a defect in ocular alignment, or the position of
the eyes in relation to each other; it is commonly called lazy eye. In this
condition the visual axes are not parallel because the muscles of the eyes
are not coordinated; when one eye is directed straight ahead, the other
deviates. As a result, one or both eyes appear crossed. In children,
strabismus may appear as a phoria or tropia
,⩥ Phoria. Answer: is an intermittent deviation in ocular alignment that is
held latent by sensory fusion. The child can maintain alignment on an
object. Deviation occurs when binocular fusion is disrupted, most often
during the cover/uncover test.
⩥ Tropias. Answer: is a consistent or intermittent deviation in ocular
alignment. A child with this condition is unable to maintain alignment on
an object of fixation. Intermittent may occur when a child is tired.
⩥ blepharoptosis, ptosis. Answer: drooping of the upper eyelids
affecting one or both eyes. It can be congenital or acquired, secondary to
trauma or inflammation.
⩥ nystagmus. Answer: is the presence of involuntary, rhythmic
movements that may be pendular oscillations or jerky drifts of one or
both eyes. Movement is horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed, and is
classified as congenital or acquired.
⩥ cataract. Answer: a partial or complete opacity of the lens affecting
one or both eyes, is the most common cause of an abnormal pupillary
reflex.
⩥ Glaucoma. Answer: is a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid
that results in an increase in IOP and subsequent damage to the optic
nerve. It can be classified according to age at the time of its appearance
and type of structural abnormality or other associated conditions.
, Primary congenital is present at birth; infantile develops in the first 1 to
2 years of life; juvenile occurs after age 3. Most glaucoma has no
identifiable cause and is considered primary.
⩥ Signs and symptoms of glaucoma. Answer: Clinicians should look for
• The classic triad—tearing, photophobia, and excessive
blinking/blepharospasm
• Whether their infant tends to turn away from light
• Hazy corneas, corneal edema
⩥ management of glaucoma. Answer: Primary treatment is surgery as
early as possible (often multiple surgeries are required). Medications
may be used as part of the medical management. Systemic
(azetazolamide or methazolamide) or topical (dorzolamide or
brinzolamide drops) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors will reduce IOP. Beta
blocker (timolol) or combined beta blocker/carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
drops may be used
⩥ Retinoblastoma. Answer: is an intraocular tumor that develops in the
retina. Although it is rare, this malignant retinal tumor is the most
common tumor in childhood (some 4% of cancers in children younger
than 15 years of age)
⩥ Retinoblastoma. Answer: Clinical Findings
• Strabismus is the most common finding.
