HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Midterm review
(Modules 1 - 3) Exam Guide 2026
1. How to study for 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
the midterm https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
2. Etiology The original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
3. Histology Microscopic study of tissues and cells
4. Biopsy Extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
5. Pathognomonic Unique, identifying disease presentations
changes
6. Atrophy Decrease in cell size
7. Hypertrophy Increase in cell size
8. Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells
9. Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a ditterent mature cell type
10. Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Midterm review
(Modules 1 - 3) Exam Guide 2026
11. Neoplasia New and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
12. Hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
13. Apoptosis Programmed cell death
14. Necrosis Cell death caused by injury
15. Infarction ischemic necrosis; death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia
16. Gangrene Condition when prolonged ischemia causes tissue necrosis followed by bacterial
infection
17. Cystic fibrosis Autosomal recessive disorder that primarily impacts the pancreas and respiratory
system.
Mutations in CFTR protein lead to decreased calcium permeability and mucus
thickening
18. Tay Sachs Dis- Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that attects the nervous system.
ease
Mutation in HEXA gene results in accumulation of gangliosides in neurons and
progressive neurodegeneration.
19. Down Syndrome Trisomy 21; most common chromosomal disorder in humans and the most com-
mon cause of intellectual disability.
20. Huntington's Dis- Autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration,
ease especially in areas regulation motor control.
, Caused by CAG repeats in the HTT gene.
>36 repeats = disease
21. Classic signs of Swelling
inflammation Loss of function
Pain
Heat
Redness
22. Acute inflamma- Occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the ottending agent,
tion enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few days
23. Purulent exudate Pus; fluid that is rich in protein and cellular debris
24. Abscess A localized, walled-ott collection of purulent exudate (pus)
25. Transudate Fluid that is a watery filtrate of blood; contains little protein
Ex: fluid inside a blister
26. Effusion Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity
27. Leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs); cell type involved in fighting infections
28. 5 types of leuko- Monocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte
cytes (WBCs)
29. Monocytes Phagocytotic WBCs that can become macrophages
30. Macrophage Phagocytotic WBCs that also act as antigen-presenting cells
Secrete TNF-alpha and ILs
31. Eosinophils WBC
Granulocytes
(Modules 1 - 3) Exam Guide 2026
1. How to study for 1) Study more than this quizlet! Use these resources:
the midterm https://sites.google.com/view/patho-links/
2) Study for 15-30 minutes every day
3) Actively practice remembering information - don't just re-read your notes!
2. Etiology The original cause of a cellular alteration or disease
3. Histology Microscopic study of tissues and cells
4. Biopsy Extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological
examination
5. Pathognomonic Unique, identifying disease presentations
changes
6. Atrophy Decrease in cell size
7. Hypertrophy Increase in cell size
8. Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells
9. Metaplasia Mature cell type is replaced by a ditterent mature cell type
10. Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
, HCR 240 Pathophysiology - Midterm review
(Modules 1 - 3) Exam Guide 2026
11. Neoplasia New and abnormal development of cells that may be benign or malignant
12. Hypoxia Oxygen deprivation
13. Apoptosis Programmed cell death
14. Necrosis Cell death caused by injury
15. Infarction ischemic necrosis; death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia
16. Gangrene Condition when prolonged ischemia causes tissue necrosis followed by bacterial
infection
17. Cystic fibrosis Autosomal recessive disorder that primarily impacts the pancreas and respiratory
system.
Mutations in CFTR protein lead to decreased calcium permeability and mucus
thickening
18. Tay Sachs Dis- Autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease that attects the nervous system.
ease
Mutation in HEXA gene results in accumulation of gangliosides in neurons and
progressive neurodegeneration.
19. Down Syndrome Trisomy 21; most common chromosomal disorder in humans and the most com-
mon cause of intellectual disability.
20. Huntington's Dis- Autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration,
ease especially in areas regulation motor control.
, Caused by CAG repeats in the HTT gene.
>36 repeats = disease
21. Classic signs of Swelling
inflammation Loss of function
Pain
Heat
Redness
22. Acute inflamma- Occurs rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the ottending agent,
tion enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few days
23. Purulent exudate Pus; fluid that is rich in protein and cellular debris
24. Abscess A localized, walled-ott collection of purulent exudate (pus)
25. Transudate Fluid that is a watery filtrate of blood; contains little protein
Ex: fluid inside a blister
26. Effusion Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity
27. Leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs); cell type involved in fighting infections
28. 5 types of leuko- Monocyte, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Lymphocyte
cytes (WBCs)
29. Monocytes Phagocytotic WBCs that can become macrophages
30. Macrophage Phagocytotic WBCs that also act as antigen-presenting cells
Secrete TNF-alpha and ILs
31. Eosinophils WBC
Granulocytes
