CogSci 1 final! UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
two visual systems hypothesis Holds that there are two pathways of visual processing
Dorsal stream: a system of interconnected regions of the visual cortex involved in
the perception of spatial location
Ventral stream: a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the
perception of form
Tri-Level Hypothesis emphasized the importance of understanding how cognitive processes are
implemented in the brain. holds that mental or artificial information-processing
events can beevaluated on three different levels
computational level: What does the problem entail
algorithimic level: Need a formal procedure that specifies how the data is to be
transformed
implementation lvl: Where is the hardware that is being used
Marr's model of visual processing first stage: The result is a raw primal sketch of the image
second stage: Features in the raw primal sketch that are similar in size
andorientation get grouped
third stage: transformed into a 3-D
sketch
-Symmetry axis: line that divides an object into mirror image halves
-Elongation axis: line defining direction along which main bulk or mass of a shape
is distributed
human visual system steps input from the retina goes to the LGN which projects to primary visual cortex,
which maps onto the striate cortex
primary visual cortex area V1
where info processing proper begins
neurons in V1 (feature detectors) are sensitive to low lvl features of the visual field
-ex there are simple cells that respond only to the presence of line segments w a
particular orientation
projects onto area V2 along w more complex features like edges shape and
depth
retinal disparity depth is principally determined by retinal disparity
its the fact that points on objects located at diff distances from the observer will
fall on diff locations on the two retinas
stereopsis=depth perception
, extrastriate cortex region surrounding the striate cortex.
processes additional freatures of visual info like movement, spatial frequency,
retinal disparity and color
Trichromatic (three color)Theory retina has 3 types of color receptors (cones) sensitive to red green and blue
opponent-process theory color sensitive receptor cells respond in an opposing center surround fashion to
pairs of primary color
- some neurons are turned "on" by red but turned "off" by green
-this results in the color afterimages phenomenon
both trichromatic theory and opponent process theory are correct bc color
processing happens in two stages
what are where pathway from V2 info follows the ventral (what) or dorsal (where) pathway
ventral= info goes V2 to V4 then to inferior temporal cortex ITC
= ITC includes specialized areas for face recognition and ID of the human body
and parts
blindsight rare neurlogical condition where ppl who are blind in one or both visual fields
due to the damage to their visual cortex they can still "guess' significantly above
chance the lcoation of particular objects and the particular emotions expressed
by a face in a photo in front of them
- proposed explanation= 2nd pathway of visual perception that does not go thru
the visual cortex, instead it makes a very short loop thru the limbic system
how are mental representations stored? analog code (pictorial representation)=we can do imagery and rotation studies
and turn objects to see if they match other shape
- majority of research supports
propositional code (descriptive)
7 basic emotions Ekman has identified seven basic emotions: surprise, fear, disgust,
anger,happiness, sadness, and contempt•
Each is expressed by a unique set of muscle contractions in the face• These seven
emotions are universal
- expressions are not learned thru observation
mozart effect listening to unfamilar chords makes you look for individualized info (actual
amazon customer reviews)
synesthesia stimulation of one modality leads to perceptual experience in another
-seeing letters or numbers in specific colors
subliminal perception messages that are presented below one's absolute threshold for conscious
awareness may influence behavior
-meaning not easily extracted fromsubliminal presentations; rather, stimuli act at
anemotional level of priming tas
Answers
two visual systems hypothesis Holds that there are two pathways of visual processing
Dorsal stream: a system of interconnected regions of the visual cortex involved in
the perception of spatial location
Ventral stream: a system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the
perception of form
Tri-Level Hypothesis emphasized the importance of understanding how cognitive processes are
implemented in the brain. holds that mental or artificial information-processing
events can beevaluated on three different levels
computational level: What does the problem entail
algorithimic level: Need a formal procedure that specifies how the data is to be
transformed
implementation lvl: Where is the hardware that is being used
Marr's model of visual processing first stage: The result is a raw primal sketch of the image
second stage: Features in the raw primal sketch that are similar in size
andorientation get grouped
third stage: transformed into a 3-D
sketch
-Symmetry axis: line that divides an object into mirror image halves
-Elongation axis: line defining direction along which main bulk or mass of a shape
is distributed
human visual system steps input from the retina goes to the LGN which projects to primary visual cortex,
which maps onto the striate cortex
primary visual cortex area V1
where info processing proper begins
neurons in V1 (feature detectors) are sensitive to low lvl features of the visual field
-ex there are simple cells that respond only to the presence of line segments w a
particular orientation
projects onto area V2 along w more complex features like edges shape and
depth
retinal disparity depth is principally determined by retinal disparity
its the fact that points on objects located at diff distances from the observer will
fall on diff locations on the two retinas
stereopsis=depth perception
, extrastriate cortex region surrounding the striate cortex.
processes additional freatures of visual info like movement, spatial frequency,
retinal disparity and color
Trichromatic (three color)Theory retina has 3 types of color receptors (cones) sensitive to red green and blue
opponent-process theory color sensitive receptor cells respond in an opposing center surround fashion to
pairs of primary color
- some neurons are turned "on" by red but turned "off" by green
-this results in the color afterimages phenomenon
both trichromatic theory and opponent process theory are correct bc color
processing happens in two stages
what are where pathway from V2 info follows the ventral (what) or dorsal (where) pathway
ventral= info goes V2 to V4 then to inferior temporal cortex ITC
= ITC includes specialized areas for face recognition and ID of the human body
and parts
blindsight rare neurlogical condition where ppl who are blind in one or both visual fields
due to the damage to their visual cortex they can still "guess' significantly above
chance the lcoation of particular objects and the particular emotions expressed
by a face in a photo in front of them
- proposed explanation= 2nd pathway of visual perception that does not go thru
the visual cortex, instead it makes a very short loop thru the limbic system
how are mental representations stored? analog code (pictorial representation)=we can do imagery and rotation studies
and turn objects to see if they match other shape
- majority of research supports
propositional code (descriptive)
7 basic emotions Ekman has identified seven basic emotions: surprise, fear, disgust,
anger,happiness, sadness, and contempt•
Each is expressed by a unique set of muscle contractions in the face• These seven
emotions are universal
- expressions are not learned thru observation
mozart effect listening to unfamilar chords makes you look for individualized info (actual
amazon customer reviews)
synesthesia stimulation of one modality leads to perceptual experience in another
-seeing letters or numbers in specific colors
subliminal perception messages that are presented below one's absolute threshold for conscious
awareness may influence behavior
-meaning not easily extracted fromsubliminal presentations; rather, stimuli act at
anemotional level of priming tas
