Pharmacology Exam Blueprint 1 pt 1
Spring 2024
Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug (how the drug moves through the body)
Pharmacokinetic Phases
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)
Absorption
transmission of the drug to the bloodstream
- PO (slowest), intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and IV (fastest)
- Bioavailability: how much of the drug your body uses (highest for IV)
IV drugs are ___% bioavailable
100% (gonna start working really quick and body is able to completely use)
Distribution
transportation of the drug to the site of action by bodily fluids
- barrier: drugs can compete for the same protein binding site which can cause toxicity (drug not
able to pass thru tissues) (EX: Albumin)
- barrier: areas with poor blood flow will have lower concentration of medications
Metabolism
(biotransformation aka metabolism) - changes meds into less active forms by the action of
enzymes
happens in the LIVER
- If the liver is damaged, will not be able to metabolize meds effectively which will lead to
toxicity
- ALT (0-35)
- AST (0-40)
- Clinical S/Sx: Abdominal Distention, Vomiting, Anorexia, Nausea, Jaundice (AdVANJ)
, Hepatotoxicity
liver toxicity
(metabolism)
Excretion
happens in the kidney
- If the kidneys are damaged, will not be able to excrete meds effectively which will lead to
toxicity
- BUN (10-20)
- Creatinine (0.5-1.2)
- Clinical S/Sx: Decreased/absent urine output (UO), UO < than 30 mL/hr, edema, sudden &
rapid weight gain, dark urine
Nephrotoxicity
cause kidney damage
(excretion)
First Pass Effect
acids in the tummy and the liver breakdown the medication, making it less effective
- mainly PO and rectal (enteral)
- decreases bioavailability
- drug needs to be administered with a higher dose & require a nonenteral route (IV)
Therapeutic Index
Drugs with a high or wide TI: SAFE, doesn't require close monitoring (Ex: over the counter meds
so ibuprofen)
Drugs with a low or narrow TI: DANGEROUS, requires close monitoring of serum levels (Ex:
prescription meds)
Peak Levels
the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time (IV=quicker peak time)
(oral=slower peak time)
Trough levels
Spring 2024
Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug (how the drug moves through the body)
Pharmacokinetic Phases
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)
Absorption
transmission of the drug to the bloodstream
- PO (slowest), intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and IV (fastest)
- Bioavailability: how much of the drug your body uses (highest for IV)
IV drugs are ___% bioavailable
100% (gonna start working really quick and body is able to completely use)
Distribution
transportation of the drug to the site of action by bodily fluids
- barrier: drugs can compete for the same protein binding site which can cause toxicity (drug not
able to pass thru tissues) (EX: Albumin)
- barrier: areas with poor blood flow will have lower concentration of medications
Metabolism
(biotransformation aka metabolism) - changes meds into less active forms by the action of
enzymes
happens in the LIVER
- If the liver is damaged, will not be able to metabolize meds effectively which will lead to
toxicity
- ALT (0-35)
- AST (0-40)
- Clinical S/Sx: Abdominal Distention, Vomiting, Anorexia, Nausea, Jaundice (AdVANJ)
, Hepatotoxicity
liver toxicity
(metabolism)
Excretion
happens in the kidney
- If the kidneys are damaged, will not be able to excrete meds effectively which will lead to
toxicity
- BUN (10-20)
- Creatinine (0.5-1.2)
- Clinical S/Sx: Decreased/absent urine output (UO), UO < than 30 mL/hr, edema, sudden &
rapid weight gain, dark urine
Nephrotoxicity
cause kidney damage
(excretion)
First Pass Effect
acids in the tummy and the liver breakdown the medication, making it less effective
- mainly PO and rectal (enteral)
- decreases bioavailability
- drug needs to be administered with a higher dose & require a nonenteral route (IV)
Therapeutic Index
Drugs with a high or wide TI: SAFE, doesn't require close monitoring (Ex: over the counter meds
so ibuprofen)
Drugs with a low or narrow TI: DANGEROUS, requires close monitoring of serum levels (Ex:
prescription meds)
Peak Levels
the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time (IV=quicker peak time)
(oral=slower peak time)
Trough levels
