Hematology UC Berkeley Module 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Hematology the study of blood and blood-forming organs.
Blood was considered the essence of life, containing the Black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile
four humors:
The cellular composition of blood was not recognized microscope (by Leeuwenhoek) & As a supplement to these categorical
until the invention of the _____________ observations of blood cells, Karl Vierordt in 1852 published the first quantitative
results of blood cell analysis.
Blood is composed of a liquid called ______ and of plasma
cellular elements, including ____________, ____ , and leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes), and erythrocytes
_______________ .
Plasma is made up of? Plasma proteins (albumin - made in liver, globulins - some also from liver) and
waste products (bilirubin, urea & uric acid)
** plasma without clotting proteins is considered serum
Perhaps the most important parameters to analyze and reference intervals
measure for hematology in the clinical lab are the
concentration of the different cells in the blood, and that
is why we establish what is called ______________ .
Reference Intervals Reference intervals provide the range of measurements for a given parameter
based on a healthy population, and they allow us to assess the condition of the
specimen or patient in question. Reference intervals can vary according to age,
sex, race, and geographic location.
Pathologic changes in specific blood cell concentrations disease or injury
can occur as the result of ________ _. In the 6 months
after birth, erythrocytes gradually decrease in number
and then slowly increase. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte
counts increase in children between the ages of 5 and 17.
The leukocyte concentration is high at birth but
decreases after the first year of life.
The greatest differences in reference intervals occur newborns and adults - In general, newborns have a higher erythrocyte
between __________ and _ _. concentration than any other age group. The erythrocytes are also larger than
those of adults
newborns compared to adults have __ RBC concentration, higher, higher, higher
__ hemoglobin, __ WBC count
Reference intervals for a hematologic parameter are the mean ±2 standard deviations for a group of healthy individuals. This interval
determined by calculating: represents the reference interval for 95% of normal individuals.
, Hemostasis "blood stopping", which refers to clot formation and is useful in limiting injury to
the blood vasculature
Hemostasis occurs in stages called primary and secondary hemostasis and fibrinolysis (breakdown of fibrin) - These
___________________________________________. stages are the result of interaction of platelets, blood vessels, and proteins
circulating in the blood
An upset in any of the stages can result in bleeding or abnormal blood clotting (thrombosis)
_______________________________________________________.
plasma vs. hematocrit (HCT) plasma contains proteins and waste products while hematocrit is the volume of
red blood cells to the total volume of blood; plasma ratio is 55% while hematocrit
is 45% -- you can see the ratios when you centrifuge blood sample
The principal component of plasma is ___________ water, which contains dissolved ions, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones,
vitamins, and enzymes.
The main protein constituent of plasma is ______________ albumin, which is the most important component in maintaining osmotic pressure.
Albumin also acts as a carrier molecule, transporting compounds such as bilirubin
and heme.
hydrostatic pressure v. osmotic pressure Net pressure = hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure. If hydrostatic pressure is
higher than osmotic pressure, then fluid leaves the capillaries, and if osmotic
pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, then fluid goes into the capillaries.
function of globulin specific carrier protein (round shape) that is not as common as albumin; used in
transport and defense
Urea waste product of protein metabolism
uric acid waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
buffy coat after centrifugation, the layer that contains white blood cells and platelets; makes
up 1% of blood volume
Hematopoiesis Process where blood cells are produced and develop in the bone marrow.
Erythrocytes contain the vital protein _______ , which is hemoglobin
responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and body tissues.
The five major types of leukocytes are? neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
________ are necessary for maintaining hemostasis. platelets
Erythrocytes and platelets generally carry out their diapedese
functions without leaving the vessels, but leukocytes
__________(pass through intact vessel walls) to tissues
where they defend against invading foreign pathogens.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Hematology the study of blood and blood-forming organs.
Blood was considered the essence of life, containing the Black bile, blood, phlegm, and yellow bile
four humors:
The cellular composition of blood was not recognized microscope (by Leeuwenhoek) & As a supplement to these categorical
until the invention of the _____________ observations of blood cells, Karl Vierordt in 1852 published the first quantitative
results of blood cell analysis.
Blood is composed of a liquid called ______ and of plasma
cellular elements, including ____________, ____ , and leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes), and erythrocytes
_______________ .
Plasma is made up of? Plasma proteins (albumin - made in liver, globulins - some also from liver) and
waste products (bilirubin, urea & uric acid)
** plasma without clotting proteins is considered serum
Perhaps the most important parameters to analyze and reference intervals
measure for hematology in the clinical lab are the
concentration of the different cells in the blood, and that
is why we establish what is called ______________ .
Reference Intervals Reference intervals provide the range of measurements for a given parameter
based on a healthy population, and they allow us to assess the condition of the
specimen or patient in question. Reference intervals can vary according to age,
sex, race, and geographic location.
Pathologic changes in specific blood cell concentrations disease or injury
can occur as the result of ________ _. In the 6 months
after birth, erythrocytes gradually decrease in number
and then slowly increase. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte
counts increase in children between the ages of 5 and 17.
The leukocyte concentration is high at birth but
decreases after the first year of life.
The greatest differences in reference intervals occur newborns and adults - In general, newborns have a higher erythrocyte
between __________ and _ _. concentration than any other age group. The erythrocytes are also larger than
those of adults
newborns compared to adults have __ RBC concentration, higher, higher, higher
__ hemoglobin, __ WBC count
Reference intervals for a hematologic parameter are the mean ±2 standard deviations for a group of healthy individuals. This interval
determined by calculating: represents the reference interval for 95% of normal individuals.
, Hemostasis "blood stopping", which refers to clot formation and is useful in limiting injury to
the blood vasculature
Hemostasis occurs in stages called primary and secondary hemostasis and fibrinolysis (breakdown of fibrin) - These
___________________________________________. stages are the result of interaction of platelets, blood vessels, and proteins
circulating in the blood
An upset in any of the stages can result in bleeding or abnormal blood clotting (thrombosis)
_______________________________________________________.
plasma vs. hematocrit (HCT) plasma contains proteins and waste products while hematocrit is the volume of
red blood cells to the total volume of blood; plasma ratio is 55% while hematocrit
is 45% -- you can see the ratios when you centrifuge blood sample
The principal component of plasma is ___________ water, which contains dissolved ions, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, hormones,
vitamins, and enzymes.
The main protein constituent of plasma is ______________ albumin, which is the most important component in maintaining osmotic pressure.
Albumin also acts as a carrier molecule, transporting compounds such as bilirubin
and heme.
hydrostatic pressure v. osmotic pressure Net pressure = hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure. If hydrostatic pressure is
higher than osmotic pressure, then fluid leaves the capillaries, and if osmotic
pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, then fluid goes into the capillaries.
function of globulin specific carrier protein (round shape) that is not as common as albumin; used in
transport and defense
Urea waste product of protein metabolism
uric acid waste product of nucleic acid metabolism
buffy coat after centrifugation, the layer that contains white blood cells and platelets; makes
up 1% of blood volume
Hematopoiesis Process where blood cells are produced and develop in the bone marrow.
Erythrocytes contain the vital protein _______ , which is hemoglobin
responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and body tissues.
The five major types of leukocytes are? neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
________ are necessary for maintaining hemostasis. platelets
Erythrocytes and platelets generally carry out their diapedese
functions without leaving the vessels, but leukocytes
__________(pass through intact vessel walls) to tissues
where they defend against invading foreign pathogens.
