NUSCTX 10, Midterm 3 - UC Berkeley UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is a Healthful Body Weight? Weight that is appropriate for your age and physical development
Weight that you can achieve and sustain without severely curtailing your food
intake or constantly dieting
Weight that is based on your genetic background and family history of body
shape and weight
Weight that promotes good eating habits and allows you to participate in regular
physical activity
Weight that is acceptable to you
High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Types of diets that generally contain about 55% to 65% of total energy intake as
fat, less than 100g of carbohydrate per day, with the balance of daily energy
intake as protein
Moderate-Fat, High-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Types of diets that are balanced in nutrients which typically contain 20% to 30% of
total energy intake as fat, 55% to 60% of total energy intake as carbohydrate, and
15% to 20% of energy intake as protein.
Low-Fat and Very-Low Fat Diet Types of diets that contain 11% to 19% of total energy as fat, whereas very-low fat
diets contain less than 10% of total energy as fat.
VO2 Maximum oxygen consumpton
Lipogenesis Making fat from nonfat substances
Mostly occurs in liver cells
If excess calories are consumed, carbohydrates can be converted to fatty acids
Caratenoids Some converted to vitamin A
Provide antioxidant protection
Some decrease the risk of macular degeneration
Flavonoid Have been proposed to inhibit inflammation
Make capillary blood vessels stronger
Block carcinogens
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Phytoestrogens Mimic effect of estrogen
Induce cancer cell death
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Reduce blood cholesterol
May reduce risk of osteoporosis
Malnutrition - Too Much Obesity
Toxicity
Competition with other nutrients
, Malnutrition - Too little Starvation
Deficiences
(i.e. iron, iodide, vitamin A)
Starvation - Energy First energy store used:
Glycogen
Starvation - Effects Decrease in insulin
Decrease in leptin
Decrease in thyroid hormones
Decrease in BMR (energy expenditure)
Metabolic Adaptions to Prolonged Fasting Glycogen depletion, N losses
Fatty acid oxidation, ketosis
Brain adapts to use ketones
Endocrine Consequences of Starvation Behavioral changes
Decreases:
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Reproductive hormones
Marasmus all nutrients
i) The onset is earlier, usually in the first year of life
ii) Growth failure is more pronounced
iii) There is no edema
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced less markedly
v) Skin changes are seen less frequently
vi) Liver not infiltrated with fat
vii) Recovery is much longer
viii) lose weight but look healthy; no swelling
Kwashiorkor just protein
i) Onset is later, after the breast-feeding is stopped
ii) Growth failure not very pronounced
iii) Edema is present
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced very much
v) Red boils and patches are classic symptoms
vi) Fatty liver is seen
vii) Recovery period is short
viii) appear sick, swollen belly; often die
Frequently associated infections
Severe Vitamin A deficiency -> permanent blindness
Extreme protein deficiency
Disturbed water and electrolyte balance
Abnormal lipid transport: fatty infiltration of liver
Individual Nutrient Deficiencies Iodine
Vitamin A
Iron
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is a Healthful Body Weight? Weight that is appropriate for your age and physical development
Weight that you can achieve and sustain without severely curtailing your food
intake or constantly dieting
Weight that is based on your genetic background and family history of body
shape and weight
Weight that promotes good eating habits and allows you to participate in regular
physical activity
Weight that is acceptable to you
High-Fat, Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Types of diets that generally contain about 55% to 65% of total energy intake as
fat, less than 100g of carbohydrate per day, with the balance of daily energy
intake as protein
Moderate-Fat, High-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diets Types of diets that are balanced in nutrients which typically contain 20% to 30% of
total energy intake as fat, 55% to 60% of total energy intake as carbohydrate, and
15% to 20% of energy intake as protein.
Low-Fat and Very-Low Fat Diet Types of diets that contain 11% to 19% of total energy as fat, whereas very-low fat
diets contain less than 10% of total energy as fat.
VO2 Maximum oxygen consumpton
Lipogenesis Making fat from nonfat substances
Mostly occurs in liver cells
If excess calories are consumed, carbohydrates can be converted to fatty acids
Caratenoids Some converted to vitamin A
Provide antioxidant protection
Some decrease the risk of macular degeneration
Flavonoid Have been proposed to inhibit inflammation
Make capillary blood vessels stronger
Block carcinogens
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Phytoestrogens Mimic effect of estrogen
Induce cancer cell death
Slow the growth of cancer cells
Reduce blood cholesterol
May reduce risk of osteoporosis
Malnutrition - Too Much Obesity
Toxicity
Competition with other nutrients
, Malnutrition - Too little Starvation
Deficiences
(i.e. iron, iodide, vitamin A)
Starvation - Energy First energy store used:
Glycogen
Starvation - Effects Decrease in insulin
Decrease in leptin
Decrease in thyroid hormones
Decrease in BMR (energy expenditure)
Metabolic Adaptions to Prolonged Fasting Glycogen depletion, N losses
Fatty acid oxidation, ketosis
Brain adapts to use ketones
Endocrine Consequences of Starvation Behavioral changes
Decreases:
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Reproductive hormones
Marasmus all nutrients
i) The onset is earlier, usually in the first year of life
ii) Growth failure is more pronounced
iii) There is no edema
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced less markedly
v) Skin changes are seen less frequently
vi) Liver not infiltrated with fat
vii) Recovery is much longer
viii) lose weight but look healthy; no swelling
Kwashiorkor just protein
i) Onset is later, after the breast-feeding is stopped
ii) Growth failure not very pronounced
iii) Edema is present
iv) Blood protein concentration is reduced very much
v) Red boils and patches are classic symptoms
vi) Fatty liver is seen
vii) Recovery period is short
viii) appear sick, swollen belly; often die
Frequently associated infections
Severe Vitamin A deficiency -> permanent blindness
Extreme protein deficiency
Disturbed water and electrolyte balance
Abnormal lipid transport: fatty infiltration of liver
Individual Nutrient Deficiencies Iodine
Vitamin A
Iron
