, Diffusion A process that requires no energy to move molecules down their concentration
gradient(from high to low concentration)
active transport against the gradient from low to high ATP
Osmosis passive transport of water moving from high to low
Difference between osmosis and diffusion osmosis is the diffusion of water and diffusion is the movement of any type of
molecule across the cell membrane from a high to low concentration.
Dehydration (etiology , cliniccal manifestations ) Causes- vomiting, diarrhea, removal of saline from the body causes extracellular
volume deficit and removal of extra water from the body causes hypernatremia,
the combination is dehydration.
Clinical manifestations -hard stools, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, oliguria,
prolonged capillary refill time, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, absence of
sweat and tears, confusion, lethargy, thirst
what are chemical mediators chemicals which help activate or control the cells of the immune system by telling
them the cells what to do next
chemcial mediators of acute inflammation histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
What causes osteoporosis? imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
fibromyalgia (Pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations) pathophysiology
Fibromyalgia is a central pain processing disorder.
Clinical manifestations
Musculoskeletal
Chronic widespread pain (≥3 months)
Pain on both sides of body, above and below waist
Tender points
Morning stiffness (without joint swelling)
Fatigue & Sleep
Severe fatigue
Non-restorative sleep
Cognitive (“Fibro fog”)
Difficulty concentrating
Memory problems
Slowed thinking
Neurologic / Sensory
Headaches/migraines
Paresthesias (tingling, numbness)
Heightened sensitivity to light, sound, temperature
Other Associated Symptoms
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Anxiety and depression
TMJ pain
Dysmenorrhea
gradient(from high to low concentration)
active transport against the gradient from low to high ATP
Osmosis passive transport of water moving from high to low
Difference between osmosis and diffusion osmosis is the diffusion of water and diffusion is the movement of any type of
molecule across the cell membrane from a high to low concentration.
Dehydration (etiology , cliniccal manifestations ) Causes- vomiting, diarrhea, removal of saline from the body causes extracellular
volume deficit and removal of extra water from the body causes hypernatremia,
the combination is dehydration.
Clinical manifestations -hard stools, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, oliguria,
prolonged capillary refill time, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, absence of
sweat and tears, confusion, lethargy, thirst
what are chemical mediators chemicals which help activate or control the cells of the immune system by telling
them the cells what to do next
chemcial mediators of acute inflammation histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily.
What causes osteoporosis? imbalance of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
fibromyalgia (Pathophysiology ,clinical manifestations) pathophysiology
Fibromyalgia is a central pain processing disorder.
Clinical manifestations
Musculoskeletal
Chronic widespread pain (≥3 months)
Pain on both sides of body, above and below waist
Tender points
Morning stiffness (without joint swelling)
Fatigue & Sleep
Severe fatigue
Non-restorative sleep
Cognitive (“Fibro fog”)
Difficulty concentrating
Memory problems
Slowed thinking
Neurologic / Sensory
Headaches/migraines
Paresthesias (tingling, numbness)
Heightened sensitivity to light, sound, temperature
Other Associated Symptoms
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Anxiety and depression
TMJ pain
Dysmenorrhea
