exam 2 - yung su bsc2085 lecture UPDATED ACTUAL
Questions and CORRECT Answers
lesson 8
what 4 things does the skeletal system include? bones (206)
cartilage
ligaments
connective tissue
what are the five primary functions of the skeletal system 1. leverage
2. protection
3. support
4. storage of minerals
5. blood cell production
what are the three classifications of bones? 1. shape
2. bone markings (surface features)
3. internal tissue organization
what are the six bone shapes? 1. sutural
2. irregular
3. flat
4. long
5. short
6. sesamoid
sutural: defintion and location 1. small and irregular, vary in size
2. found in between the flat bones of the skull
irregular: definition and location 1. have complex shapes
2. spinal vertebrae, pelvic bone, some bones of the skull
, short bones: defintion and location 1. small and thick
2. found in the wrist and ankle bones
flat bones: definition and location 1. thin with parallel surfaces
2. roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
long bones: defintion and location 1. long and thin
2. found in arms, legs, feet, hands, fingers, toes
sesamoid: defintion and location 1. small and flat, vary in location and abundance
2. develop inside tendons near joints of the knee, hands, and feet (ex. the patella)
what are the 2 kinds of bone markings and what do they 1. depression, grooves, and tunnels (where blood and nerves lie, they penetrate
do? the bone)
2. elevations and projections (where tendons and ligaments attach, and where
articulations with other bones occur)
what are the 3 structures of a long bone? (internal tissue 1. diaphysis (made of compact bone, has the medullary cavity, center shaft of the
organization) bone)
2. epiphysis (distal and proximal ends of the long bone, made of spongy bone,
covered by compact bone)
3. metaphysis (where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet)
what is keratinization? it's the formation of a layer of dead protective cells, filled with keratin. it does not
occur on eyes.
skin life cycle takes 7-10 days for cell to move from s. basale to s. lucidum, they last at s.
corneum for 2 weeks before they shed off
what are the 2 kinds of persperation? 1. insensible - the interstitial fluid is lost by evaporation through s. corneum (1 pint
of h20 lost per day)
2. sensible - water excreted by sweat glands
what are the results of dehydration? (2) 1. damage to s. corneum (insensible - burns and blisters)
2. immersion in hypertonic solution (seawater)
what are the results of hydration? what does it cause? 1. result form immersion in hypotonic solution (freshwater)
2. causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on palms and soles (wrinkles from
water - nervous system detects water, for more surface area & leverage)
what are the 2 pigments that affect skin color? 1. carotene
what also affects skin color? 2. melanin
3. blood circulation (RBC)
what is carotene? where is it found? what does it cause? 1. orange-yellow pigment, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of
dermis
2. found orange veggies
3. can cause carotenemia (from overconsumption of orange veggies), and night
blindness (nyctalopia - lack of vitamin a)
Questions and CORRECT Answers
lesson 8
what 4 things does the skeletal system include? bones (206)
cartilage
ligaments
connective tissue
what are the five primary functions of the skeletal system 1. leverage
2. protection
3. support
4. storage of minerals
5. blood cell production
what are the three classifications of bones? 1. shape
2. bone markings (surface features)
3. internal tissue organization
what are the six bone shapes? 1. sutural
2. irregular
3. flat
4. long
5. short
6. sesamoid
sutural: defintion and location 1. small and irregular, vary in size
2. found in between the flat bones of the skull
irregular: definition and location 1. have complex shapes
2. spinal vertebrae, pelvic bone, some bones of the skull
, short bones: defintion and location 1. small and thick
2. found in the wrist and ankle bones
flat bones: definition and location 1. thin with parallel surfaces
2. roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
long bones: defintion and location 1. long and thin
2. found in arms, legs, feet, hands, fingers, toes
sesamoid: defintion and location 1. small and flat, vary in location and abundance
2. develop inside tendons near joints of the knee, hands, and feet (ex. the patella)
what are the 2 kinds of bone markings and what do they 1. depression, grooves, and tunnels (where blood and nerves lie, they penetrate
do? the bone)
2. elevations and projections (where tendons and ligaments attach, and where
articulations with other bones occur)
what are the 3 structures of a long bone? (internal tissue 1. diaphysis (made of compact bone, has the medullary cavity, center shaft of the
organization) bone)
2. epiphysis (distal and proximal ends of the long bone, made of spongy bone,
covered by compact bone)
3. metaphysis (where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet)
what is keratinization? it's the formation of a layer of dead protective cells, filled with keratin. it does not
occur on eyes.
skin life cycle takes 7-10 days for cell to move from s. basale to s. lucidum, they last at s.
corneum for 2 weeks before they shed off
what are the 2 kinds of persperation? 1. insensible - the interstitial fluid is lost by evaporation through s. corneum (1 pint
of h20 lost per day)
2. sensible - water excreted by sweat glands
what are the results of dehydration? (2) 1. damage to s. corneum (insensible - burns and blisters)
2. immersion in hypertonic solution (seawater)
what are the results of hydration? what does it cause? 1. result form immersion in hypotonic solution (freshwater)
2. causes swelling of epithelial cells, evident on palms and soles (wrinkles from
water - nervous system detects water, for more surface area & leverage)
what are the 2 pigments that affect skin color? 1. carotene
what also affects skin color? 2. melanin
3. blood circulation (RBC)
what is carotene? where is it found? what does it cause? 1. orange-yellow pigment, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of
dermis
2. found orange veggies
3. can cause carotenemia (from overconsumption of orange veggies), and night
blindness (nyctalopia - lack of vitamin a)
