PNH301 - TEST 1 | QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER - age
- gender
-ethnicity
- family history
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANSWER - diet
- smoking
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- excessive alcohol
- stress
Risk Factors for Stroke - ANSWER - hypertension
-heart disease
-transient ischemic attacks
- sickle cell disease
- diabetes
- hyperlipidemia
- previous stroke
- hypercoagulability
Hypertension (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER the higher the BP the higher the risk
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER stasis of blood in the left atrium leading
to thrombus formation
Sickle Cell Disease (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER higher risk of clotting
Hyperlipidemia (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER increased total cholesterol is an increased risk
How do you assess for stroke? - ANSWER - neurological assessment
- Glasgow coma scale
- stroke scale
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANSWER eyes, verbal, motor
Max- 15 pts
13-15 minor
9-12 moderate
,3-8 severe
Stroke Scale - ANSWER Looks at LOC, orientation, speech and motor function
FAST (Stroke Scale) - ANSWER Face (drooping) Arms
(weakness)
Speech (difficulties) Time
(within 5 mins)
Motor (Manifestation of Stroke) - ANSWER Akinesia
Akinesia - ANSWER inability to initiate movement
Communication (Manifestations Stroke) - ANSWER aphasia dysphasia
Aphasia - ANSWER - Loss of speech
-impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area
(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
Spatial Perceptual Altercation (Clinical Manifestations of Stroke) - ANSWER - Anosognosia
- Agnosia
- Apraxia
Anosognosia (Clinical Manifestations of Stroke) - ANSWER - neurological condition in which
the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition
Agnosia (Clinical Manifestations) - ANSWER unable to recognize and identify, person, or
sounds using one or more of their sense despite otherwise normally functioning senses
Apraxia (Clinical Manifestations) - ANSWER the loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled
movement and gestures
What is a TIA? - ANSWER Plaque build up in the artery or a clot temporarily impair
blood flow to an artery in the brain but it self resolves, symptoms are transient
Serves as a warning sign to seek medical intervention. TIAs are a modifiable risk factor for stroke
, Short-term Management of Stroke (Medication) - ANSWER - TPA
- Aspirin/ASA 81-325 mg
- Clopidogrel (Plavix)
- tPA
- Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- Anticoagulants
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) - ANSWER It is a time sensitive treatment
the sooner it is administered, the sooner blood flow to brain tissue can be restored, preserving the
brain cell function.
Endovascular Interventions Stroke - ANSWER - Angioplasty
- Clipping or coiling aneurysm
Surgeons access the arteries and manually remove the clot/blockage
Long-term Management of Stroke Risk Factors - ANSWER - Hypertension management
- Cholesterol management
- Blood thinners
- Anti-platelet medication
- Blood Sugar Control
- Nutrition
What other illness might present like a stroke? - ANSWER - bell's palsy
- drug toxicity
- seizures
- systemic infection
- Hyperglycaemia/hypoglycaemia
- TIA
How to properly diagnose a stroke - ANSWER - CT scan
- History
- Neurological Assessment
- Blood Work (BS. CBC, INR)
- ECG
- Drug Screening
Ischemia Stroke - ANSWER A type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part
of the brain is cut off by a blockage (eg, a blood clot) inside a blood vessel.
Types of Ischemic Stroke - ANSWER 1) embolus
2) thrombus
3) TIA
ANSWERS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
Non-modifiable risk factors - ANSWER - age
- gender
-ethnicity
- family history
Modifiable Risk Factors - ANSWER - diet
- smoking
- obesity
- sedentary lifestyle
- excessive alcohol
- stress
Risk Factors for Stroke - ANSWER - hypertension
-heart disease
-transient ischemic attacks
- sickle cell disease
- diabetes
- hyperlipidemia
- previous stroke
- hypercoagulability
Hypertension (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER the higher the BP the higher the risk
Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER stasis of blood in the left atrium leading
to thrombus formation
Sickle Cell Disease (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER higher risk of clotting
Hyperlipidemia (Risk of Stroke) - ANSWER increased total cholesterol is an increased risk
How do you assess for stroke? - ANSWER - neurological assessment
- Glasgow coma scale
- stroke scale
Glasgow Coma Scale - ANSWER eyes, verbal, motor
Max- 15 pts
13-15 minor
9-12 moderate
,3-8 severe
Stroke Scale - ANSWER Looks at LOC, orientation, speech and motor function
FAST (Stroke Scale) - ANSWER Face (drooping) Arms
(weakness)
Speech (difficulties) Time
(within 5 mins)
Motor (Manifestation of Stroke) - ANSWER Akinesia
Akinesia - ANSWER inability to initiate movement
Communication (Manifestations Stroke) - ANSWER aphasia dysphasia
Aphasia - ANSWER - Loss of speech
-impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area
(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
Dysphagia - ANSWER difficulty swallowing
Spatial Perceptual Altercation (Clinical Manifestations of Stroke) - ANSWER - Anosognosia
- Agnosia
- Apraxia
Anosognosia (Clinical Manifestations of Stroke) - ANSWER - neurological condition in which
the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition
Agnosia (Clinical Manifestations) - ANSWER unable to recognize and identify, person, or
sounds using one or more of their sense despite otherwise normally functioning senses
Apraxia (Clinical Manifestations) - ANSWER the loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled
movement and gestures
What is a TIA? - ANSWER Plaque build up in the artery or a clot temporarily impair
blood flow to an artery in the brain but it self resolves, symptoms are transient
Serves as a warning sign to seek medical intervention. TIAs are a modifiable risk factor for stroke
, Short-term Management of Stroke (Medication) - ANSWER - TPA
- Aspirin/ASA 81-325 mg
- Clopidogrel (Plavix)
- tPA
- Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- Anticoagulants
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) - ANSWER It is a time sensitive treatment
the sooner it is administered, the sooner blood flow to brain tissue can be restored, preserving the
brain cell function.
Endovascular Interventions Stroke - ANSWER - Angioplasty
- Clipping or coiling aneurysm
Surgeons access the arteries and manually remove the clot/blockage
Long-term Management of Stroke Risk Factors - ANSWER - Hypertension management
- Cholesterol management
- Blood thinners
- Anti-platelet medication
- Blood Sugar Control
- Nutrition
What other illness might present like a stroke? - ANSWER - bell's palsy
- drug toxicity
- seizures
- systemic infection
- Hyperglycaemia/hypoglycaemia
- TIA
How to properly diagnose a stroke - ANSWER - CT scan
- History
- Neurological Assessment
- Blood Work (BS. CBC, INR)
- ECG
- Drug Screening
Ischemia Stroke - ANSWER A type of stroke that occurs when blood flow to a particular part
of the brain is cut off by a blockage (eg, a blood clot) inside a blood vessel.
Types of Ischemic Stroke - ANSWER 1) embolus
2) thrombus
3) TIA
