PSYCH 2450 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYCH 2450 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development - Answers sensorimotor stage - Answers birth-2 yrs, understands the world through senses and action preoperational stage - Answers 2-7 years, understands the world through language and mental images concrete operational stage - Answers 7-12 years, understands the world through logical thinking and categories formal operational stage - Answers 12 years +, understands the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning sensorimotor substages - Answers preoperational substages - Answers egocentrism, contration, conservation and intuitive thought egocentrism in kids vs adolescence - Answers -kids don't take into account the view points of others - adolescence feel that they have an imaginary audience personal fables and imaginary audiences... - Answers apply to cognition because, these concepts enable adolescence to construct imaginary situations and think abstractly changes in post formal thought include - Answers adults wrestle with thoughts of the mystery of existence, lifes chaos, and living in the here-and-now. They are neither changing toward some endpoint, nor running from the past. contributions and criticisms of Piaget's theory - Answers -post formal thought is viewed as accurate -underestimates childrens abilities -neglects the fact that there can be change beyond the end of adolescence schemes - Answers an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning assimilation - Answers the process in which people understand the experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking accommodation - Answers changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounter with new stimuli or events object permanence - Answers the realization that people and objects exist even when the cannot be seen conservation - Answers the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and appearance of objects egocentrism - Answers thinking that does not take into account the view point of others animism - Answers the belief that inanimate objects have feelings, thoughts and qualities of living things centration - Answers the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of stimulus and ignoring other aspects personal fable - Answers belief held b adolescence that no one has felt or experienced what they are going through imaginary audience - Answers the belief held by adolescence that they are being scrutinized by people zone of proximal development - Answers according to Vygotsky, is the level at which a child can almost preform a task independently but can do it with someone more competent scaffolding - Answers the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth role of culture and social development in cognitive development - Answers -cultural tools provide a structure that can be used to help children define and solve specific problems, as well as an intellectual point of view that encourages cognitive development - social development via adult and peer mentors, they provide new ways of doing things but also provide assistance, instruction and motivation how did vygotsky view language and thought? - Answers he thought that children used speech and thought not only for social communication but to help them solve tasks. children use private or inner speech when a task is difficult, when they've made an error or when they are not sure how to proceed information processing approaches - Answers approaches to cognitive development that seek to identify the ways that individuals take in, use and store information encoding - Answers the process by which information is initially recorded in a form of usable memory storage - Answers refers to the maintenance of material saved in memory retrieval - Answers the process by which material in memory storage is located, brought to awareness and used information processing approach vs Piaget's theory - Answers -IPA attributes cognitive development to gradual, continuous improvements in the ways children understand, perceives and remember information -Piaget's theory ties cognitive development into particular stages how is attention important to children's cognitive development? - Answers - if a child doesn't attend to a stimulus, or isn't aware of it, that material cannot be processed. If children are constantly distracted by incoming stimuli, they will be unable to sustain focus memory improvements and memory change overtime - Answers increases in maturation of the brain as well as, by increases in educational demands. In most cases, memories from personal experiences in infancy do not last into adulthood. (infantile amnesia) how does memory change as people age? - Answers memory improvement is attributed to the increased capability within short term memory. memory also improves because we learn to process info quicker and use more appropriate strategies. The use of scripts to store and recall info saves memory. strengths and weaknesses of the information processing approach - Answers -contributed to the understanding of cognitive phenomena and development -provides coherent, logical, relatively complete account of cognitive processes -fails to address social and cultural factors memory - Answers the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information memory process - Answers information - sensory store - short term memory- long term memory attention - Answers the information processing involving the ability to strategically choose among and sort out different stimuli in the environment how do people allocate their attention? - Answers via planning how does attention develop in infancy? - Answers via attention getting stimuli and attention holing stimuli how does attention develop in childhood and adolescence? - Answers as children get older their attention becomes more concentrated and lasting multitasking - Answers trying to do more than one thing at the same time. we are poor multitaskers because our brains are not wired for it. we can only effectively process one thing at a time selective attention - Answers focusing on one aspect and ignoring others divided attention - Answers concentrating on more than one activity at the same time sustained attention - Answers paying attention to a stimulus for a long time, depends on the person and how interesting the stimulus is top down processing - Answers decision making attentions