BIOL 2260 Lecture Exam #3 Study Guide 7 - 8: Specific &
Nonspecific Defenses & Immunological Disorders
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Nonspecific Surface Defenses Act against any pathogen.
Structural Defenses Skin, mucous membranes.
Mechanical Defenses Tears, saliva, mucociliary escalator.
Biochemical Defenses Lysozyme, fatty acids, salt, pH.
Nonspecific Innate Immune Defenses Second line of defense including phagocytosis, inflammation, complement
system, interferons, and natural killer (NK) cells.
Specific Adaptive Immune Defenses Third line of defense including T cells, B cells, and antibodies.
Innate Immunity Rapid response (hours or less), present in all animals, recognition of common
molecules, limited number of molecules recognized, constant with no
improvement over time.
Adaptive Immunity Slower response (days - weeks), present only in vertebrates, highly specific
recognition of individual pathogens, nearly infinite recognition, improves with
exposure (memory response).
Agranulocytes White blood cells without granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes.
Lymphocytes Include B cells, T cells, and NK cells.
Monocytes Leave blood and mature into macrophages.
Granulocytes White blood cells that contain granules.
Neutrophils Most abundant white blood cells, short-lived, provide bacterial defense.
Eosinophils Protect against parasitic worms and allergies.
Basophils Involved in allergies and histamine release.
Differential WBC Count Neutrophils 60-70%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%, Eosinophils 2-4%,
Basophils 0.5-1%.
CBC with Diff Complete blood count with differential.
Phagocytosis Engulfment of one cell via another cell.
, Macrophages Mature, large monocytes that are long-lived and tissue-resident.
Stages of Phagocytosis 1. Recognition & Adherence, 2. Engulfment, 3. Destruction, 4. Expulsion, 5. Antigen
Presentation.
Complement System Set of microbe-attacking proteins in blood, lymph, extracellular fluid.
Classical Pathway Adaptive pathway that requires antibodies.
Alternative Pathway Innate pathway that is antibody-independent.
C3b Opsonin and part of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that causes lysis.
C5a Chemotaxis factor that attracts phagocytes.
C3a Inflammation mediator.
Inflammation A response to tissue damage, infection, or immune disorder.
Classic Signs of Inflammation Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Erythema Redness due to increased blood flow.
Swelling Caused by increased capillary permeability.
Pain Resulting from nerve ending irritation.
Histamine A chemical released by mast cells and basophils that causes vasodilation and
pain.
Kinins Inflammatory mediators that cause vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain.
Prostaglandins Chemicals that cause vessel dilation and pain, contributing to heat and redness.
Leukotrienes Mediators that increase permeability and activate leukocytes.
Complement by-products Substances that cause vasodilation and attract leukocytes.
Chemotaxis The process of attracting phagocytes to the site of inflammation.
Margination The adherence of phagocytes to capillary walls.
Diapedesis The process by which phagocytes squeeze through vessel lining into tissues.
Pus A hallmark of bacterial infection consisting of dead white blood cells, microbes,
and tissue debris.
Nonspecific Defenses & Immunological Disorders
UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Nonspecific Surface Defenses Act against any pathogen.
Structural Defenses Skin, mucous membranes.
Mechanical Defenses Tears, saliva, mucociliary escalator.
Biochemical Defenses Lysozyme, fatty acids, salt, pH.
Nonspecific Innate Immune Defenses Second line of defense including phagocytosis, inflammation, complement
system, interferons, and natural killer (NK) cells.
Specific Adaptive Immune Defenses Third line of defense including T cells, B cells, and antibodies.
Innate Immunity Rapid response (hours or less), present in all animals, recognition of common
molecules, limited number of molecules recognized, constant with no
improvement over time.
Adaptive Immunity Slower response (days - weeks), present only in vertebrates, highly specific
recognition of individual pathogens, nearly infinite recognition, improves with
exposure (memory response).
Agranulocytes White blood cells without granules, including lymphocytes and monocytes.
Lymphocytes Include B cells, T cells, and NK cells.
Monocytes Leave blood and mature into macrophages.
Granulocytes White blood cells that contain granules.
Neutrophils Most abundant white blood cells, short-lived, provide bacterial defense.
Eosinophils Protect against parasitic worms and allergies.
Basophils Involved in allergies and histamine release.
Differential WBC Count Neutrophils 60-70%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%, Eosinophils 2-4%,
Basophils 0.5-1%.
CBC with Diff Complete blood count with differential.
Phagocytosis Engulfment of one cell via another cell.
, Macrophages Mature, large monocytes that are long-lived and tissue-resident.
Stages of Phagocytosis 1. Recognition & Adherence, 2. Engulfment, 3. Destruction, 4. Expulsion, 5. Antigen
Presentation.
Complement System Set of microbe-attacking proteins in blood, lymph, extracellular fluid.
Classical Pathway Adaptive pathway that requires antibodies.
Alternative Pathway Innate pathway that is antibody-independent.
C3b Opsonin and part of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that causes lysis.
C5a Chemotaxis factor that attracts phagocytes.
C3a Inflammation mediator.
Inflammation A response to tissue damage, infection, or immune disorder.
Classic Signs of Inflammation Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
Erythema Redness due to increased blood flow.
Swelling Caused by increased capillary permeability.
Pain Resulting from nerve ending irritation.
Histamine A chemical released by mast cells and basophils that causes vasodilation and
pain.
Kinins Inflammatory mediators that cause vasodilation, increased permeability, and pain.
Prostaglandins Chemicals that cause vessel dilation and pain, contributing to heat and redness.
Leukotrienes Mediators that increase permeability and activate leukocytes.
Complement by-products Substances that cause vasodilation and attract leukocytes.
Chemotaxis The process of attracting phagocytes to the site of inflammation.
Margination The adherence of phagocytes to capillary walls.
Diapedesis The process by which phagocytes squeeze through vessel lining into tissues.
Pus A hallmark of bacterial infection consisting of dead white blood cells, microbes,
and tissue debris.
