All 28Chapters Covered
j j j
SOLUTION MANUAL
j
,Contents
Chapterj0j
ChapterjIj 3
Chapterj 2
38
53
Chapterj 7
Chapterj 9 82
Chapterj 10 97
Chapterj 11 126
Chapterj 12 Advancedj Topicsj inj Equilibrium 142
Chapterj 13 175
Chapterj 14 189
Chapterj 15 202
Chapterj 16 Electroanalyticalj Techniques
Chapterj 17
238
Chapterj 19 251
260
Chapterj 21
Chapterj 22 GasjChromatography 284
Chapterj 23 298
311
Chapterj 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTERj0
THEjANALYTICALjPROCESS
0-1.
Qualitativejanalysisjfindsjoutjwhatjisjinjajsample.j Quantitativejanalysisjmeasur
esjhowjmuchjisjinjajsample.
0-2. Stepsjinjajchemicaljanalysis:
(1) Formulatejthejquestion:j Convertjajgeneraljquestionjintojajspecificjonejthatjcanj
bejansweredjbyjajchemicaljmeasurement.
(2) Selectjthejappropriatejanalyticaljprocedure.
(3) Obtainjajrepresentativejsample.
(4) Samplejpreparation:jConvertjthejrepresentativejsamplejintojajsamplejsuitablejforj
analysis.j Ifjnecessary,jconcentratejthejanalytejandjremovejorjmaskjinterferingjs
pecies.
(5) Analysis:j Measurejthejunknownjconcentrationjinjreplicatejanalyses.
(6) Producejajclearjreportjofjresults,j includingjestimatesjofjuncertainty.
(7) Drawjconclusions:j Basedjonjthejanalyticaljresults,jdecidejwhatjactionsjtojtak
e.
0-3. Maskingjconvertsjanj interferingjspeciesj tojajnoninterferingjspecies.
0-4.
Ajcalibrationjcurvejshowsjthejresponsejofjanjanalyticalj methodjasjajfunctionjof
thejknownjconcentrationjofjanalytejinjstandardjsolutions.j Oncejthejcalibrationjcur
j
vejisjknown,jthenjthejconcentrationjofjanjunknownjcanjbejdeducedjfromjajmeasuredj
response.
0-5.
(a)j Ajhomogeneousjmaterialjhasjthejsamejcompositionjeverywhere.j Inj
ajheterogeneousjmaterial,jthejcompositionjisjnotjthejsamejeverywhere.
(b)j Injajsegregatedjheterogeneousjmaterial,jthejcompositionjvariesjonjajlargejscale.j T
herejcouldjbejlargejparchesjwithjonejcompositionjandjlargejpatchesjwithjanotherjc
omposition.j Thejdifferencesjarejsegregatedjintojdifferentjregions.j Injajrandomjhe
terogeneousjmaterial,jthejdifferencesjoccurjonjajfinejscale.j lfjwejcollectjaj"reason
able-
size"jportion,jwejwilljcapturejeachjofjthejdifferentjcompositionsjthatjarejpresent.
(e)j Tojsamplejajsegregatedheterogeneousjmaterial,jwejtakejrepresentativejamountsj
fromjeachjofjthejobviouslyjdifferentjregions.j InjpaneljbjinjBoxj0-
I,j66%jofjthejareajhasjcompositionjA,j 14%jisjB,jandj20%jisjC.j Tojconstructja
, 2 Chapterj0
representativejbulkjsample,jwejcouldjtakej66jrandomlyjselectedjsamplesjfromjr
egionjA,j14jfromjregionjB,jandj20jfromjregionjC.j Tojsamplejajrandomjheterog
eneousjmaterial,jwejdividejthejmaterialjintojimaginaryjsegmentsjandjcollectjra
ndomjsegmentsjwithjthejhelpjofjajtablejofjrandomjnumbers.
0-6. Wejarejapparentlyjobservingjinterferencejbyj Mn?jinj thejIjanalysisjbyjmethod
A.j ThejresultjofjthejIjanalysisjisjaffectedjbyjthejpresencejofjMn2.j Thejgreaterjthejco
ncentrationjofjMn?jinjthejmineraljwater,jthejgreaterjisjthejapparentjconcentrationj
ofjIjfoundjbyjmethodjA.j MethodjBj isjnotjsubjectjtojthejsamejinterference,jsojthejco
ncentrationjofjIjisjlowjandjindependentjofjadditionjofjMn2t.j Therejmustjbejsomej
Mn?'jinjthejoriginaljmineraljwater,jwhichjcausesjmethodjAjtojgivejajhigherjresultjth
anjmethodjBjevenjwhenjnojMn?'jisjdeliberatelyjadded.
j j j
SOLUTION MANUAL
j
,Contents
Chapterj0j
ChapterjIj 3
Chapterj 2
38
53
Chapterj 7
Chapterj 9 82
Chapterj 10 97
Chapterj 11 126
Chapterj 12 Advancedj Topicsj inj Equilibrium 142
Chapterj 13 175
Chapterj 14 189
Chapterj 15 202
Chapterj 16 Electroanalyticalj Techniques
Chapterj 17
238
Chapterj 19 251
260
Chapterj 21
Chapterj 22 GasjChromatography 284
Chapterj 23 298
311
Chapterj 25 327
345
360
, CHAPTERj0
THEjANALYTICALjPROCESS
0-1.
Qualitativejanalysisjfindsjoutjwhatjisjinjajsample.j Quantitativejanalysisjmeasur
esjhowjmuchjisjinjajsample.
0-2. Stepsjinjajchemicaljanalysis:
(1) Formulatejthejquestion:j Convertjajgeneraljquestionjintojajspecificjonejthatjcanj
bejansweredjbyjajchemicaljmeasurement.
(2) Selectjthejappropriatejanalyticaljprocedure.
(3) Obtainjajrepresentativejsample.
(4) Samplejpreparation:jConvertjthejrepresentativejsamplejintojajsamplejsuitablejforj
analysis.j Ifjnecessary,jconcentratejthejanalytejandjremovejorjmaskjinterferingjs
pecies.
(5) Analysis:j Measurejthejunknownjconcentrationjinjreplicatejanalyses.
(6) Producejajclearjreportjofjresults,j includingjestimatesjofjuncertainty.
(7) Drawjconclusions:j Basedjonjthejanalyticaljresults,jdecidejwhatjactionsjtojtak
e.
0-3. Maskingjconvertsjanj interferingjspeciesj tojajnoninterferingjspecies.
0-4.
Ajcalibrationjcurvejshowsjthejresponsejofjanjanalyticalj methodjasjajfunctionjof
thejknownjconcentrationjofjanalytejinjstandardjsolutions.j Oncejthejcalibrationjcur
j
vejisjknown,jthenjthejconcentrationjofjanjunknownjcanjbejdeducedjfromjajmeasuredj
response.
0-5.
(a)j Ajhomogeneousjmaterialjhasjthejsamejcompositionjeverywhere.j Inj
ajheterogeneousjmaterial,jthejcompositionjisjnotjthejsamejeverywhere.
(b)j Injajsegregatedjheterogeneousjmaterial,jthejcompositionjvariesjonjajlargejscale.j T
herejcouldjbejlargejparchesjwithjonejcompositionjandjlargejpatchesjwithjanotherjc
omposition.j Thejdifferencesjarejsegregatedjintojdifferentjregions.j Injajrandomjhe
terogeneousjmaterial,jthejdifferencesjoccurjonjajfinejscale.j lfjwejcollectjaj"reason
able-
size"jportion,jwejwilljcapturejeachjofjthejdifferentjcompositionsjthatjarejpresent.
(e)j Tojsamplejajsegregatedheterogeneousjmaterial,jwejtakejrepresentativejamountsj
fromjeachjofjthejobviouslyjdifferentjregions.j InjpaneljbjinjBoxj0-
I,j66%jofjthejareajhasjcompositionjA,j 14%jisjB,jandj20%jisjC.j Tojconstructja
, 2 Chapterj0
representativejbulkjsample,jwejcouldjtakej66jrandomlyjselectedjsamplesjfromjr
egionjA,j14jfromjregionjB,jandj20jfromjregionjC.j Tojsamplejajrandomjheterog
eneousjmaterial,jwejdividejthejmaterialjintojimaginaryjsegmentsjandjcollectjra
ndomjsegmentsjwithjthejhelpjofjajtablejofjrandomjnumbers.
0-6. Wejarejapparentlyjobservingjinterferencejbyj Mn?jinj thejIjanalysisjbyjmethod
A.j ThejresultjofjthejIjanalysisjisjaffectedjbyjthejpresencejofjMn2.j Thejgreaterjthejco
ncentrationjofjMn?jinjthejmineraljwater,jthejgreaterjisjthejapparentjconcentrationj
ofjIjfoundjbyjmethodjA.j MethodjBj isjnotjsubjectjtojthejsamejinterference,jsojthejco
ncentrationjofjIjisjlowjandjindependentjofjadditionjofjMn2t.j Therejmustjbejsomej
Mn?'jinjthejoriginaljmineraljwater,jwhichjcausesjmethodjAjtojgivejajhigherjresultjth
anjmethodjBjevenjwhenjnojMn?'jisjdeliberatelyjadded.
