NSG 8673 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
How does the information from the CDC and WHO assist in current epidemiological work? - Answers
Both provide current health information on populations
What is the best definition of epidemiology? - Answers The study of various health-related outcomes
in a population.
A nurse is reviewing information about influenza rates in the population. The rates are at a level the
nurse would expect to see for the time of year. Which term would be used to describe this finding? -
Answers Endemic
The local health department issues warnings to residents of a community that a disease is expected to
reach pandemic levels. Which piece of information would this warning most likely include? - Answers
The disease mentioned will affect people in large areas and cross international borders
Why is the trend data available from the CDC important in determining if outcomes are met in public
health? - Answers Trend data can be used to determine if interventions are successful
Primary Prevention includes both active and passive aspects of prevention. T or F? - Answers True
Secondary prevention includes the use of a multidisciplinary team that works to maximize the
individual's potential and quality of life. T or F? - Answers False
Descriptive epidemiology involves the proposal of hypotheses and using statistical analysis to answer
questions. T or F? - Answers False
The _______ triangle is traditionally comprised of three factors: host, infectious agent, and the
environment. - Answers epidemiology
What is the best definition of population health? - Answers The health outcomes of a group of
individuals
What is the focus of population health research? - Answers The study of interactions and patterns of
health determinants
Which outcome measure is of major importance in both public health and population health? -
Answers Infant mortality rate
Why is it important to know the reasons for infant mortality or similar outcomes? - Answers The
knowledge assists to develop policies and programs
Why is it important to consider social determinants of health when caring for individuals or
population groups? - Answers The social determinants of health influence health outcomes in
population groups
Social determinants of health are responsible for the health inequities within and between countries.
T or F? - Answers True
Population-based sampling for research is similar to convenience sampling and can be used
interchangeably. T or F? - Answers False
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) developed the Triple Aim Framework to optimize
health systems performance through new designs. T or F? - Answers True
Several governmental health agencies have population-based databases that can be used to conduct
original research. T or F? - Answers True
Why should deaths due to infectious diseases be considered estimates? - Answers The cause of death
reported on death certificates may be inaccurate
What does the advanced model of the triangle of epidemiology have that the standard model is
lacking? - Answers The advanced model accounts for complexity, but the standard model does not.
Which is a mode of transmission for the SARS virus? - Answers Airborne (droplet)
Which is both the portal of entry and the portal of exit for smallpox? - Answers The nose and mouth
The epidemiology triangle includes the three components of an agent, host, and environment. T or F?
- Answers True
The chain of transmission requires two vulnerable hosts in order for an infection to be transmitted. T
or F? - Answers True
Noncontagious communicable diseases are transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. T or F? -
Answers False
Noncontagious communicable diseases do not require a mode of transmission to infect a host. T or F?
- Answers False
The concept of ______ health is based on the understanding that human health and civilization
depend on a flourishing natural systems - Answers planetary
, What makes social epidemiology a distinct field? - Answers Studying the effects of distributions of
social determinants
Which is a social determinant of health? - Answers Transportation options
In which Healthy People initiative were social determinants of health included as a distinct topic for
the first time? - Answers 2020
Which is an issue considering an underlying factor related to the key area of Neighborhood and Built
Environment under the social determinants for Healthy People 2020? - Answers Quality of housing
Upstream factors are temporally and spatially close to health effects but influenced by downstream
factors. T or F? - Answers False
There is a relationship between upstream and downstream factors that impact health outcomes and
contributes to differences in health outcomes among different groups. T or F? - Answers True
The healthcare community can work with other groups such as urban planners, housing, and
transportation specialists to assist in improving health outcomes for population groups. T or F? -
Answers True
The WHO conceptual framework emphasizes _______ context can shape a population's health -
Answers political
When using software programs to calculate statistical tests, what should the practitioner carefully
consider? - Answers The programs cannot replace the researcher in making important decisions
Which is an accurate description of inferential statistics? - Answers Inferential statistics provide an
answer to a hypothesis based on a sample population
Which best describes the nominal level of measurement? - Answers It provides a view of the
frequency with which a variable occurs, and there is no ranking order
Which are the three most common measures of central tendency? - Answers Mean, median, and
mode
Which best describes a contingency table? - Answers a table providing data that includes
subcategories of a characteristic
A type 2 error is related to sample size, as increased sample size decreases the likelihood of making a
type 2 error. T or F? - Answers True
If a study has a small sample size, it could be underpowered and cause a type 1 error. T or F? -
Answers false
if 8 out of 10 patients are compliant with their insulin regimen, this means that the proportion of
patients who are compliant is 4:1. T or F? - Answers False
__________ intervals are used in epidemiology and defined as "the range of values in which the
population rate is likely to fall" - Answers confidence
The _________ size is defined as the size of the difference between two or more groups or conditions
in a study or the strength of a relationship between two or more variables and includes tests such as
Cohen's d and r(squared) - Answers effect
Which is the focus of most descriptive studies? - Answers Who, where, and when
Which is the best description of the person aspect of a descriptive study? - Answers Person describes
the characteristics of the individual who has a health-related event
Why is place an important aspect of a descriptive study? - Answers Place describes health events that
vary from location to location
Which best describes a cyclical trend as the time variable in descriptive studies? - Answers changes in
frequency of disease over a year or years
Which best describes the difference between a case report and a case series? - Answers A case report
looks at the details of one or a few people demonstrating an unusual disease
Many population-based surveys are considered cross-sectional surveys. T or F? - Answers true
It is considered ethically appropriate to utilize medical record numbers instead of participant names
to identify study participants. T or F? - Answers False
Researchers should provide limited choices for participants to describe themselves to ensure all
participants are categorized in a common manner. T or F? - Answers False
Is it the responsibility of the reader or consumer of research to determine a study's limitations and
consider the ethical implications of these limitations. T or F? - Answers False
Which is the focus of analytic studies? - Answers Why and how
When a researcher doesn't have the time to complete a prospective cohort study, which type of study
would likely be chosen? - Answers A retrospective study
How does the information from the CDC and WHO assist in current epidemiological work? - Answers
Both provide current health information on populations
What is the best definition of epidemiology? - Answers The study of various health-related outcomes
in a population.
A nurse is reviewing information about influenza rates in the population. The rates are at a level the
nurse would expect to see for the time of year. Which term would be used to describe this finding? -
Answers Endemic
The local health department issues warnings to residents of a community that a disease is expected to
reach pandemic levels. Which piece of information would this warning most likely include? - Answers
The disease mentioned will affect people in large areas and cross international borders
Why is the trend data available from the CDC important in determining if outcomes are met in public
health? - Answers Trend data can be used to determine if interventions are successful
Primary Prevention includes both active and passive aspects of prevention. T or F? - Answers True
Secondary prevention includes the use of a multidisciplinary team that works to maximize the
individual's potential and quality of life. T or F? - Answers False
Descriptive epidemiology involves the proposal of hypotheses and using statistical analysis to answer
questions. T or F? - Answers False
The _______ triangle is traditionally comprised of three factors: host, infectious agent, and the
environment. - Answers epidemiology
What is the best definition of population health? - Answers The health outcomes of a group of
individuals
What is the focus of population health research? - Answers The study of interactions and patterns of
health determinants
Which outcome measure is of major importance in both public health and population health? -
Answers Infant mortality rate
Why is it important to know the reasons for infant mortality or similar outcomes? - Answers The
knowledge assists to develop policies and programs
Why is it important to consider social determinants of health when caring for individuals or
population groups? - Answers The social determinants of health influence health outcomes in
population groups
Social determinants of health are responsible for the health inequities within and between countries.
T or F? - Answers True
Population-based sampling for research is similar to convenience sampling and can be used
interchangeably. T or F? - Answers False
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) developed the Triple Aim Framework to optimize
health systems performance through new designs. T or F? - Answers True
Several governmental health agencies have population-based databases that can be used to conduct
original research. T or F? - Answers True
Why should deaths due to infectious diseases be considered estimates? - Answers The cause of death
reported on death certificates may be inaccurate
What does the advanced model of the triangle of epidemiology have that the standard model is
lacking? - Answers The advanced model accounts for complexity, but the standard model does not.
Which is a mode of transmission for the SARS virus? - Answers Airborne (droplet)
Which is both the portal of entry and the portal of exit for smallpox? - Answers The nose and mouth
The epidemiology triangle includes the three components of an agent, host, and environment. T or F?
- Answers True
The chain of transmission requires two vulnerable hosts in order for an infection to be transmitted. T
or F? - Answers True
Noncontagious communicable diseases are transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. T or F? -
Answers False
Noncontagious communicable diseases do not require a mode of transmission to infect a host. T or F?
- Answers False
The concept of ______ health is based on the understanding that human health and civilization
depend on a flourishing natural systems - Answers planetary
, What makes social epidemiology a distinct field? - Answers Studying the effects of distributions of
social determinants
Which is a social determinant of health? - Answers Transportation options
In which Healthy People initiative were social determinants of health included as a distinct topic for
the first time? - Answers 2020
Which is an issue considering an underlying factor related to the key area of Neighborhood and Built
Environment under the social determinants for Healthy People 2020? - Answers Quality of housing
Upstream factors are temporally and spatially close to health effects but influenced by downstream
factors. T or F? - Answers False
There is a relationship between upstream and downstream factors that impact health outcomes and
contributes to differences in health outcomes among different groups. T or F? - Answers True
The healthcare community can work with other groups such as urban planners, housing, and
transportation specialists to assist in improving health outcomes for population groups. T or F? -
Answers True
The WHO conceptual framework emphasizes _______ context can shape a population's health -
Answers political
When using software programs to calculate statistical tests, what should the practitioner carefully
consider? - Answers The programs cannot replace the researcher in making important decisions
Which is an accurate description of inferential statistics? - Answers Inferential statistics provide an
answer to a hypothesis based on a sample population
Which best describes the nominal level of measurement? - Answers It provides a view of the
frequency with which a variable occurs, and there is no ranking order
Which are the three most common measures of central tendency? - Answers Mean, median, and
mode
Which best describes a contingency table? - Answers a table providing data that includes
subcategories of a characteristic
A type 2 error is related to sample size, as increased sample size decreases the likelihood of making a
type 2 error. T or F? - Answers True
If a study has a small sample size, it could be underpowered and cause a type 1 error. T or F? -
Answers false
if 8 out of 10 patients are compliant with their insulin regimen, this means that the proportion of
patients who are compliant is 4:1. T or F? - Answers False
__________ intervals are used in epidemiology and defined as "the range of values in which the
population rate is likely to fall" - Answers confidence
The _________ size is defined as the size of the difference between two or more groups or conditions
in a study or the strength of a relationship between two or more variables and includes tests such as
Cohen's d and r(squared) - Answers effect
Which is the focus of most descriptive studies? - Answers Who, where, and when
Which is the best description of the person aspect of a descriptive study? - Answers Person describes
the characteristics of the individual who has a health-related event
Why is place an important aspect of a descriptive study? - Answers Place describes health events that
vary from location to location
Which best describes a cyclical trend as the time variable in descriptive studies? - Answers changes in
frequency of disease over a year or years
Which best describes the difference between a case report and a case series? - Answers A case report
looks at the details of one or a few people demonstrating an unusual disease
Many population-based surveys are considered cross-sectional surveys. T or F? - Answers true
It is considered ethically appropriate to utilize medical record numbers instead of participant names
to identify study participants. T or F? - Answers False
Researchers should provide limited choices for participants to describe themselves to ensure all
participants are categorized in a common manner. T or F? - Answers False
Is it the responsibility of the reader or consumer of research to determine a study's limitations and
consider the ethical implications of these limitations. T or F? - Answers False
Which is the focus of analytic studies? - Answers Why and how
When a researcher doesn't have the time to complete a prospective cohort study, which type of study
would likely be chosen? - Answers A retrospective study
