USMLE Step 1 Exam Study Guide
2026/2027 with Verified Answers |
Newest Version. A+
Effects
-Vascular SM contraction
-Myadrisis
-↑↑ Urethral sphincter
-↑↑ BP
-Inhibition of Pacemaker activity leading to slowed conduction through the AV Node (After
stimulation of Carotid baroreceptors)
Right Dominant Circulation
PDA arises from RCA
Left Dominant Circulation
PDA arises from LCX
Standing from Supine Position
Physiological Changes
-↓↓ Venous Return
-↓↓ Baroreceptor activity
-↓↓ Cerebral Bloow Flow
**The body responds to these changes by ↑↑ BP + ↑↑ Pulse + ↑↑ Cardiac Output**
Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
Antiporter which helps to re-establish the baseline Resting Potential which is a key step during
Phase 4 of the AP
Nesiritide
,MOA
-BNP Analogue
Effects
-Vasodilation
-↑↑ Urinary flow
Congenital Bicuspid Valve
Early-onset Aortic Stenosis
ASD
ECG
-Right Axis deviation
-Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Cardiac Valves
A - Aortic Valve
B - Pulmonary Valve
C - Tricuspid Valve
D - Mitral Valve
Cardiac Valves
A-
B-
C-
D-
Granulomatosis w/ Polyangitis
C-Anca "+"
Dx
-Lungs affected
-Kidneys affected
,-Nose affected
Histo
-Necrotizing Arteritis w/ Epithelioid Histiocytes
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Hep B-associated
Dx
-Kidneys affected
-Spares the Lungs
Histo
-Fibrinoid necrosis w/ Luminal narrowing
Transposition of the Great Vessels
CXR
-Narrow Mediastinal shadow
Widely-split S2
ASD or Pulmonic Stenosis auscultation
Baroreceptor Firing
Produces an increase in Parasympathetic impulses to the SA + AV Nodes
Effects
-Temporary inhibition of SA Node activity
-Slowed conduction through AV Node
-Prolonged AV Node Refractory Period
Mitral Regurgitation
Etiology
-Rupture of the Papillary muscles
Sodium Bicarbonate
Antidote for Aspirin poisoning
, MOA
-Increases the charged form (Salicylate-) of Salicylate ions
**This is helpful as Aspirin's toxicity is mostly mediated by its charged protonated
form (Salicylate-H)**
Effects
-Increases excretion of the drug in the Urine
Chronic Lymphedema
Risk Factors
-Radiation
-Lymphadenectomy
Pathogen
-Disruption of Lymphatic flow → Accumulation of Lymphatic fluid in Interstitial tissue
Sx
-Non Pitting Edema
-Thickened skin
Tx
-Compression Bandages → To increase Lymphatic flow
Phrenic Nerve
Nerve which innervates the Diaphragm, but it courses along the Pericardium passing along the
Right Atrium
Lisinopril
Captopril
Enalapril
Ramipril
Antihypertensives
MOA
-ACE Inhibitors
2026/2027 with Verified Answers |
Newest Version. A+
Effects
-Vascular SM contraction
-Myadrisis
-↑↑ Urethral sphincter
-↑↑ BP
-Inhibition of Pacemaker activity leading to slowed conduction through the AV Node (After
stimulation of Carotid baroreceptors)
Right Dominant Circulation
PDA arises from RCA
Left Dominant Circulation
PDA arises from LCX
Standing from Supine Position
Physiological Changes
-↓↓ Venous Return
-↓↓ Baroreceptor activity
-↓↓ Cerebral Bloow Flow
**The body responds to these changes by ↑↑ BP + ↑↑ Pulse + ↑↑ Cardiac Output**
Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
Antiporter which helps to re-establish the baseline Resting Potential which is a key step during
Phase 4 of the AP
Nesiritide
,MOA
-BNP Analogue
Effects
-Vasodilation
-↑↑ Urinary flow
Congenital Bicuspid Valve
Early-onset Aortic Stenosis
ASD
ECG
-Right Axis deviation
-Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Cardiac Valves
A - Aortic Valve
B - Pulmonary Valve
C - Tricuspid Valve
D - Mitral Valve
Cardiac Valves
A-
B-
C-
D-
Granulomatosis w/ Polyangitis
C-Anca "+"
Dx
-Lungs affected
-Kidneys affected
,-Nose affected
Histo
-Necrotizing Arteritis w/ Epithelioid Histiocytes
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Hep B-associated
Dx
-Kidneys affected
-Spares the Lungs
Histo
-Fibrinoid necrosis w/ Luminal narrowing
Transposition of the Great Vessels
CXR
-Narrow Mediastinal shadow
Widely-split S2
ASD or Pulmonic Stenosis auscultation
Baroreceptor Firing
Produces an increase in Parasympathetic impulses to the SA + AV Nodes
Effects
-Temporary inhibition of SA Node activity
-Slowed conduction through AV Node
-Prolonged AV Node Refractory Period
Mitral Regurgitation
Etiology
-Rupture of the Papillary muscles
Sodium Bicarbonate
Antidote for Aspirin poisoning
, MOA
-Increases the charged form (Salicylate-) of Salicylate ions
**This is helpful as Aspirin's toxicity is mostly mediated by its charged protonated
form (Salicylate-H)**
Effects
-Increases excretion of the drug in the Urine
Chronic Lymphedema
Risk Factors
-Radiation
-Lymphadenectomy
Pathogen
-Disruption of Lymphatic flow → Accumulation of Lymphatic fluid in Interstitial tissue
Sx
-Non Pitting Edema
-Thickened skin
Tx
-Compression Bandages → To increase Lymphatic flow
Phrenic Nerve
Nerve which innervates the Diaphragm, but it courses along the Pericardium passing along the
Right Atrium
Lisinopril
Captopril
Enalapril
Ramipril
Antihypertensives
MOA
-ACE Inhibitors
