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Portage Learning 2026/2027 Chemistry
103 FINAL exam MODULE 2!
Lewis Structures
represents the transfer or the sharing of electrons in chemical bonds
octet rule
EVERY ATOM WANTS 8 ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTERSHELL
ionic bonding
chemical bond formed through the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom or
group of atoms to another group
EX : NaBr
metals
give
nonmetals
take
oxidation number
the superscript indicating the charge on an ion
ion
atom with either positive or negative charge
binary compound
compounds in which 2 elements are present , metal and non metal - nonmetal changes
to ide
ionization energy
energy required to remove the most loosley held electron from outer shell ; up and to
the right
polyatomic molecule
nonmetals that form one ion
covalent bond
sharing of electrons
EX : CO2
polyatomic ions
Ag silver ion
Fe 2+ ferrous ion
Fe 3+ ferric ion
Cu 1+ cuprous ion
Cu 2+ cupric ion
binary molecule
1st word : prefix and full name
2nd word : prefix and stem and ide
mono
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1
di
2
tri
3
tetra
4
penta
5
hexa
6
hepta
7
octa
8
ennea
9
deca
10
bonding electrons
pairs of valence electrons that are shared between pairs
non bonding electrons
lone pairs that
are not involved in electron sharing
Linus Pauling
Nobel prize Chemist
electronegativity
measure of atoms attraction for electrons it shares with another atom in a chemical
bond
electronegativity increases
left to right
electronegativity decreases
top to bottom
repulsion
gives molecule shape, describes distance b/w bonding and non bonding pairs of
electrons
molecular geometry
3 dimensional arrangement of atom within a molecule
VSEPR
valence shell electron pair repulsion theory - set of procedures for predicting a 3
dimensional geometry molecule
NH4
ammonium with 1 superscript
OH 1
hydroxide
NO2
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nitrite with -1 superscript
NO3
nitrate with -1 superscript
C2H3O2
acetate with -1 superscript
HCO3
bicarbonate with -1 superscript
CO3
carbonate with -2 superscript
SO3
sulfite with -2 superscript
SO4
sulfate with -2 superscript
PO4
phosphate with -3 superscript
CN 1
cyanide
molar mass
sum of all atomic masses in a compound
moles conversion
division
( mass )
over
( atomic mass )
grams conversion
multiplication
(moles) ( atomic mass )
write balanced equation
step 1
write given
step 2
write unknown
step 3
find moles of given
step 4
determine mole ratio
step 5
convert moles to grams
step 6
limiting reagent
reagent that is used up first , calculate moles of each reagent , least amount is limiting
stoichiometry
mass-mass relationship quantile study of chemical reaction
bond polarity
measure of the degree of in equality in sharing of electrons between 2 atoms in a
chemical bond
Portage Learning 2026/2027 Chemistry
103 FINAL exam MODULE 2!
Lewis Structures
represents the transfer or the sharing of electrons in chemical bonds
octet rule
EVERY ATOM WANTS 8 ELECTRONS IN THEIR OUTERSHELL
ionic bonding
chemical bond formed through the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom or
group of atoms to another group
EX : NaBr
metals
give
nonmetals
take
oxidation number
the superscript indicating the charge on an ion
ion
atom with either positive or negative charge
binary compound
compounds in which 2 elements are present , metal and non metal - nonmetal changes
to ide
ionization energy
energy required to remove the most loosley held electron from outer shell ; up and to
the right
polyatomic molecule
nonmetals that form one ion
covalent bond
sharing of electrons
EX : CO2
polyatomic ions
Ag silver ion
Fe 2+ ferrous ion
Fe 3+ ferric ion
Cu 1+ cuprous ion
Cu 2+ cupric ion
binary molecule
1st word : prefix and full name
2nd word : prefix and stem and ide
mono
,2 | Page
1
di
2
tri
3
tetra
4
penta
5
hexa
6
hepta
7
octa
8
ennea
9
deca
10
bonding electrons
pairs of valence electrons that are shared between pairs
non bonding electrons
lone pairs that
are not involved in electron sharing
Linus Pauling
Nobel prize Chemist
electronegativity
measure of atoms attraction for electrons it shares with another atom in a chemical
bond
electronegativity increases
left to right
electronegativity decreases
top to bottom
repulsion
gives molecule shape, describes distance b/w bonding and non bonding pairs of
electrons
molecular geometry
3 dimensional arrangement of atom within a molecule
VSEPR
valence shell electron pair repulsion theory - set of procedures for predicting a 3
dimensional geometry molecule
NH4
ammonium with 1 superscript
OH 1
hydroxide
NO2
, 3 | Page
nitrite with -1 superscript
NO3
nitrate with -1 superscript
C2H3O2
acetate with -1 superscript
HCO3
bicarbonate with -1 superscript
CO3
carbonate with -2 superscript
SO3
sulfite with -2 superscript
SO4
sulfate with -2 superscript
PO4
phosphate with -3 superscript
CN 1
cyanide
molar mass
sum of all atomic masses in a compound
moles conversion
division
( mass )
over
( atomic mass )
grams conversion
multiplication
(moles) ( atomic mass )
write balanced equation
step 1
write given
step 2
write unknown
step 3
find moles of given
step 4
determine mole ratio
step 5
convert moles to grams
step 6
limiting reagent
reagent that is used up first , calculate moles of each reagent , least amount is limiting
stoichiometry
mass-mass relationship quantile study of chemical reaction
bond polarity
measure of the degree of in equality in sharing of electrons between 2 atoms in a
chemical bond
