INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL FOR g g ggg
EconomicgDevelopmentg13/EgMichaelgTodarog
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Chapter 1: Introducing Economic Development:
g g g g g
A Global Perspective
g g g
✓gKeygConceptsg
AsgcuriousgasgstudentsgwhogregistergtogtakegDevelopmentgEconomicsgmaygbe,gtheirgknowledgegand
gexperiencegofgthegdevelopinggworldgwillgvarygwidely.gThegfirstgmaingpointgofgChapterg1gisgtogemp
hasiseghowgdifferentglifegingthegdevelopinggworldgis.gNewgingtheg13thgeditiongisgagsystematicgdescr
iptiongofgfourgstylisedgstratagofglivinggstandardsgfromgextremegpovertygtogrichgbasedgongRosling,gR
osling,gandgRoslinggRonnlund’sgbookgFactfulness.gThisgisgfollowedgbygagdiscussiongofgthegWorldg
Bank’sgclassificationgofgeconomiesgbygrangesgofgaveragegnationalgincomegusingggrossgnationalginc
omeg(GNI)gstatistics.g
Thegsecondgpointgisgtogprovidegangoverviewgofgthegnaturegofgdevelopmentgeconomicsgasgagfield.gAg
defensegofgdevelopmentgeconomicsgasgagdistinctgfield,grathergthangangagglomerationgofgothergecono
micsgsubfields,gisgoffered.gAgmajorgthemegofgthegbook,gthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgmustgencomp
assgthegstudygofginstitutionalgandgsocial,gasgwellgasgeconomic,gmechanismsgforgmodernisinggangeco
nomygwhilegeliminatinggabsolutegpoverty,gisgintroduced.g
Sectionsg1.5gandg1.6glooksgdeepergintogthegmeaninggofgdevelopmentgandgagviewgofgdevelopmentgth
atgisgmultidimensional.gAmartyagSen’sg“Capabilities”gapproachgisgdiscussedgingSectiong1.5.gIngSect
iong1.6,gdatagcollectedgingagGallupgWorldgPollgongthegrelationshipgbetweenghappinessg(asgmeasured
gbygGallup’sglifegsatisfactiong“ladder”gquestiongandgrealgpergcapitagincome)gandgothergresearchgong
happiness/lifegsatisfactiongisgdiscussed.gTheglevelgofghappinessgisgnotgonlygrelatedgtoglevelgofginco
megbutgtogothergfactorsgsuchgasgdemocraticgfreedomsgandgthegqualitygofgsocialgrelationships.gThegr
olegofgnormativegvaluesgingdevelopmentgeconomics—
agsubjectgdealinggwithghumangmiserygandghumangpotential,gwithgequitygasgwellgasgefficiency,gwithg
culturalgchangegthatgcausesglossesgasgwellgasggains,gandgwithgtransfergasgwellgasgcreationgofgwealth
—isgalsogstressed.g
Thegconclusiongisgthatgdevelopmentgisgbothgagphysicalgrealitygandgagstategofgmind.gThegmeaninggan
dgobjectivesgofgdevelopmentgincludegthegprovisiongofgbasicgneeds,greducingginequality,graisingglivi
nggstandardsgthroughgappropriategeconomicggrowth,gimprovinggself-
esteemgingrelationgtogthegdevelopedgcountries,gandgexpandinggfreedomgofgchoicegingthegmarketgand
gbeyond.g
Sectiong1.7gpresentsgangingdepthgexaminationgofgthegUN’sgSustainablegDevelopmentgGoalsg(SDGs)
.gThisgincludesgagmoregcomprehensiveglistgofgtheggoalsgthemselvesg(appearinggingTableg1.1)gandgag
discussiongofgthegshortcomingsgofgthegSDGs.gIngSectiong1.8,gthegplangofgthegbookgisgintroducedgthr
oughg32gcriticalgquestionsgofgdevelopmentgeconomics.gDependinggongthegamountgofgmaterialgcover
edgbygtheginstructor,gstudentsgshouldgbegablegtogintelligentlygaddressgmostgofgthesegquestionsgbygth
egendgofgthegcourse.gFinally,gagcomparativegcasegstudygofgPakistangandgBangladeshgisgpresented.g
, YTREWSg
g
g
YTREWg
g
✓gLecturegSuggestionsg
Itgmightgbegbestgtogbegingwithgagdiscussiongofgthegimmensegscalegofgtransformationgingthegworldg
economy.gTheglategHansgRosling’sgvideog“200gcountries,g200gyears,g4gminutes”g(readilygavailableg
ongYouTube)gcangbegusedgtogconfirmgthisgpointgingangentertaininggway.gItgmightgalsogbeghelpfulgto
ghighlightgthatgrealggrossgworldgproductgpergcapitaghasgalmostgtripledgbetweeng1960gandg2018g(imp
lyingggrowthgpergyeargofg1.85%)gandgisg33%ghighergthangitgwasgatgthegturngofgthisgcenturyg(implyi
nggannualggrowthgofg1.56%gfromg2000gtog2018).gThisgdatagcangbegfoundgongthegSaintgLouisgFeder
algReserve’sgwebsitegingthegFederalgReservegEconomicgDatabaseg(orgFRED).g
Despitegsuchgadvances,gtremendousgdisparitiesgcontinuegtogexist.gIngtermsgofgeasilygaccessiblegstati
sticsgthegPEWgResearchgCentre’sg“WorldgPopulationgbygIncome”gprovidesganginteractivegmapgsho
winggthegsharegofgeconomies’gpopulationgwhogaregeconomicallygpoor,glowgincome,gmiddlegincome
,guppergmiddlegincome,gandghighgincome.gWhilegregrettablygthegdatagprovidedgisgforg2011,gitgecho
esgwhatgTodarogandgSmithgpointgoutgingthegtext,gthatgmoregthang75%gofgthegworld’sgpopulationgliv
egong$15gorglessgagdayg(orgaboutg$5,500gpergpersongpergyear).gSeveralgexcellentgbooksgattemptgtogg
ivegsomegideagofgthegrangegofglivinggstandardsgfoundgthroughoutgthegworld.gForgexample,gThegMat
erialgWorldgbygPetergMenzell.gThisgbookgpresentsgphotographicgprofilesgofgtypicalgfamiliesgaround
gthegworldgwithgallgofgtheirgpossessionsgplacedgingfrontgofgtheirghomes.gAsgoneggoesgfromgonegfami
lygtogthegnextgtheginstructorghasgthegopportunitygtoghighlightgthegimportantgdifferencesgbetweengnat
ionsgandgregionsgandgtogtouchgongkeygissuesgofggrowthgandgdevelopment.g
g
Onegofgthegkeygstrengthsgofgthisgchaptergisgthatgitgdoesgnotgfocusgsolelygongtheghardgnumbersgthatgs
upposedlygmeasuregdevelopment.gThegdiscussiongofgSen’sgCapabilitiesgapproachgandgthegfarglessgt
hangperfectgrelationshipgbetweengincomegandghappinessgaregwellgworthgspendinggagfairgamountgofg
classgtimegexploring.gClassgtimegshouldgalsogbegspentgdiscussinggtheg32gcriticalgquestionsglistedgon
gpagesg21–
23gofgthegtextgandgthengaskinggstudentsgtogidentifyg3gorg4gquestionsgthatgtheygaregparticularlygintere
stedgingexploring.gAskinggeachgstudentgtoglistgwhatgtheygconsidergtogbeg“critically”gcriticalgquestio
nsgongagsheetgofgpaper,gcollectinggtheirgresponses,gandgthengtryinggtogdirectgthegrestgofgthegtermgtog
addressinggthegmostgcommonlygmentionedgcriticalgquestionsgforgthatgclassgwillgbeghelpfulgingfurthe
rgdrawinggstudentsgingandgholdinggtheirgattentiongthroughoutgthegterm.g
g
Atgthisgsamegpoint,gtheginstructorgmightgalsogwishgtoggetgsomegideagofgstudents’gexperiencesgtravel
inggtogdevelopinggcountriesgand,gingasgsubtlegagwaygasgisgpossible,gdetermineghowgshakygtheirgund
erstandinggofgthegwidergworldgis.gTheginstructorgperhapsgcouldgdrawgonghisgorghergowngexperience
sgandggivegsomegbackgroundgasgtoghowghegorgshegfirstgbecameginterestedgingDevelopmentgEconom
ics.gThisgmayg–gthroughgthegkindsgofgquestionsgaskedg–
ghelpgtheginstructorgfurtherggaugegstudents’glevelgofgsophisticationgingthisgarea.gThisgisgnotgsomethi
nggthatgshouldgbegor,gcan,gbegsettledgingthegfirstgonegorgtwogclassesgandgwillgdevelopgovergthegcour
segofgthegterm.g
g
Ingmanyguniversities,gthegeconomicgdevelopmentgcoursegwillgbegfilledgwithgstudentsgwhogaregnotg
majoringgingeconomics.gThesegstudentsgmaygcomegfromgdifferentgcollegesgwithgmajorsgsuchgasgant
hropology,gsociology,gorgpoliticalgsciencegorgbusinessg(management,gfinance,getc.).gTheygmayghave
ghadgasglittlegasgonegsemestergofgintroductorygeconomics.gGivengthatgyougaregteachinggangeconomic
sgclass,gyougmaygwishgtogremindgthegstudentsgofgthisgfactgandgoffergwhateverghelpgyougcan.gGiveng
videogcapturegsoftware,gyougmightgconsidergrecordinggsomegprimersgthatgthengcouldgbegmadegavail
ablegtogstudentsgthroughgcoursegmanagementgsoftwaregsuchgasgBlackboardgorgMoodle.gYougcertain
, YTREWSg
g
g
lygshouldgusegthegfirstgclassgorgtwogtogsetgthegstagegforgthegapproachgyougwillgtake,gwhethergitgwillg
begmoreginterdisciplinary,gmoregeconomic,gmoregmathematicalgandgquantitative,gmoreghistorical,go
rgsomegcombination.g
g
Emphasisegthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgisgangexcitinggsubjectgtogstudygandgteachgbecausegitgdoesg
notgfocusgjustgongonegcountry,gbutgongallgless-
developedgcountries.gFurthergemphasisegthatgyougwillgtrygtogteachgkeygconceptsgandgideasgwhichgc
angbegappliedgtogthegexperiencesgofgmanygdevelopinggcountries.gThesegconceptsgandgideasgaregimp
ortantgforgunderstandinggwheregthegdevelopinggcountriesgaregtoday,gasgwellgasgwhatgtheirgoptionsga
regforgthegfuture.gYougmightgalsogwishgtogemphasisegthatgtheregarguablygisgnogothergareagofgecono
micsgthatgisgmoregrelevantgtogthegmajoritygofgthegworld’sgpeople.g
Asgalreadygmentioned,gtheg32gcriticalgquestionsgcangbegusedgtogmotivategstudentginterestgingthegsub
jectgasgwellgasgpresentgangoverviewgofgwhatgthegclassgisgallgabout.gItgcangbegemphasisedgthatgthereg
isgnogoneganswergtogtheggeneralgquestiongofgwhygsomegcountriesgaregmoregdevelopedgthangothers.g
Theregaregasgmanygdifferentgopinionsgongwhatgagless-
developedgcountrygshouldgdogtogbecomegmoregdeveloped.gAggoodgapproachgisgtogpresentgdifferingg
viewpointsgthroughoutgthegcoursegandgletgthegstudentsgmakegupgtheirgmindsgongtheirgown.g
g
✓gDiscussiongTopicsg
Encouraginggclassgparticipationgisgaggoodgwaygtogmotivategthegstudentsgandgmakegthemgfeelginvolv
edgingtheglearninggprocess.gThegfirstgfewgweeksgofgclassgingparticulargaregconducivegtogthisgsortgofg
exercise.gTwogideasgforgdiscussionsgatgthisgstagegare:g
• Whatgisgthegmeaninggofgeconomicgdevelopment?gWhygdogwegnotgseegagstrongergrelationshipgbe
tweengincomegandghappiness,gespeciallygoncegincomeghasgrisengaboveg$20,000gagyeargpergperso
n?g
• Isgitgpossiblegforgthegwholegworldgtogbegdeveloped?gThisgcangbeganginterestinggquestiongtogaskg
atgthegbeginninggofgthegcourse,goncegenvironmentgandgdevelopmentghavegbeengcoveredg(Chapte
rg10),gandgthengagaingatgthegendgofgthegcourse.g
g
✓gSamplegQuestionsg
ShortgAnswerg
1. Providegagdefinitiongofgdevelopmentgeconomics.gJustifygyourgchoicegcarefully.g
Answer:gSeegSectiong4g(pagesg8–
10)gforgsomegideasgaboutghowgthegstudentsgmightganswergthisgquestion.gTheygshoul
dgingsomegwaygsaygthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgisgmoregthangjustggrowthgingGDP.g
2. Ingdefininggdevelopmentgtogincludegmoregthangjustgtheggrowthgofgpergcapitagincome,gtheregis
gangimplicitgassumptiongthatgtheggrowthgofgpergcapitagincomegalonegisgnotgsufficientgtogguara
nteegthegreductiongofgpovertygandgtheggrowthgofgself-
esteem.gIsgitgpossiblegthatgtheregcouldgbeggrowthgofgpergcapitagincomegwithoutgthegachievem
entgofgthesegothergobjectives?g
Answer:gPergcapitagincomegcangshowggrowthgevengwhengthatggrowthgdoesgnotgtouchgvastgpor
tionsgofgthegpopulation.gThisgpointgisgclearlygmadegingChapterg5gandgisgsuggestedgin
gthegcomparativegcasegstudygofgPakistangandgBangladesh.gTheggrowthgmaygbegcente
redgingonegareagorgsectorgofgthegeconomy,gforgexample.gAlso,gmostgdevelopedgcount
, YTREWSg
g
riesghave,gatgsomegtimegingtheirghistories,gintroducedgpoliciesgemphasisinggequality.
g
3. Ingwhatgwaygisgdevelopmentgeconomicsggreatergingscopegthangtraditionalgeconomics?g
Answer:gDevelopmentgeconomicsgmustgencompassgthegstudygofginstitutional,gpolitical,gandgs
ocialgasgwellgasgeconomicgmechanismsgforgmodernisinggangeconomygwhilegeliminat
inggabsolutegpovertygandgtransforminggstatesgofgmindgasgwellgasgphysicalgcondition
s.gMoregdetailsgfoundgingthegchapter.g
4. Makegagcasegthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgmightgbegmerelygagcombinationgofgallgthegothergsu
bfieldsgofgeconomics,gonlygappliedgtoglow-
incomegcountries.gAnswer:gSeegQuestiong3gabove.g
5. Whatgdogyougthinkgaregthegmostgseriousgobstaclesgtogfurthergprogressgingthegdevelopinggworl
d?g
Answer:gThegmaingpointgheregisgtogensuregthatgstudentsgaregthinkinggcarefullygaboutgthegissue
sgraisedgingthegtext.gYougmaygalsogwishgtogdrawgfromgthegcriticalgquestionsgongpage
sg21–23.g
6. Ingreviewinggdiscussionsgofglifegingdevelopinggcountries,gwhatgisgitgaboutglifestylesgingtheglo
w-gincomegcountriesgcomparedgwithglifestylesgingtheghigh-
incomegcountriesgthatgmostgstrikesgyou?gWhy?g
Answer:gThisgisgangopen-endedgquestiongtogstimulategreflection.g
7. Dogyougthinkgitgisgingthegmaterialginterestsgofghigh-incomegcountriesgtoghelpglow-
incomegcountriesgimprovegtheirgeconomicgperformance?gWhygorgwhygnot?g
Answer:gAnswersgmightgtouchgongincreasinggthegmarketgforgproductsgingwhichghigh-
incomegcountriesghavegagcomparativegadvantage,greducinggthegdangersgofgregionalg
wargandgterrorism,greducingginternationalgtransmissiongofgdisease,gandgcurbingginter
nationalgmigration.g
8. Howgisghappinessgrelatedgtogdevelopment?g
Answer:gAnswersgshouldgmakegreferencegtogthegcorrelationgbetweenghappinessgandgincomegl
evelgasgwellgasgtouchgongthegconnectiongbetweenghappinessgandgsocialgrelationships
,gpersonalgandgdemocraticgfreedoms,greligiousgbeliefs,gandghealth,gamonggothergfact
orsglistedgongpageg12.gFurther,ganswersgshouldgincludegagdiscussiongonghappinessga
sgbeinggagpartgofgAmartyagSen’sgconceptgofgfunctionings.g
9. ComparegandgcontrastgthegUN’sgMillenniumgDevelopmentgGoalsg(MDGs)g2000–
2015gwithgthegSustainablegDevelopmentgGoalsg(SDGs)gputgforwardging2015?gWhatgdogyougc
onsidergtogbegthegmostgimportantgofgeithergsetgofggoalsgandgwhy?g
Answer:gTheganswergshouldgstressgthatgbothgsetsgofggoalsgcovergagbroadgrangegofgobjectivesg
bothgeconomicgandgsocial.gThesegweregputgforwardgsogthatgdevelopinggcountriesgwo
uldghavegnumericalgtargetsgagainstgwhichgtheirgprogressgcouldgbegjudgedgand,gwher
egwarranted,gappropriategassistancegoffered.g
EconomicgDevelopmentg13/EgMichaelgTodarog
g
g
Chapter 1: Introducing Economic Development:
g g g g g
A Global Perspective
g g g
✓gKeygConceptsg
AsgcuriousgasgstudentsgwhogregistergtogtakegDevelopmentgEconomicsgmaygbe,gtheirgknowledgegand
gexperiencegofgthegdevelopinggworldgwillgvarygwidely.gThegfirstgmaingpointgofgChapterg1gisgtogemp
hasiseghowgdifferentglifegingthegdevelopinggworldgis.gNewgingtheg13thgeditiongisgagsystematicgdescr
iptiongofgfourgstylisedgstratagofglivinggstandardsgfromgextremegpovertygtogrichgbasedgongRosling,gR
osling,gandgRoslinggRonnlund’sgbookgFactfulness.gThisgisgfollowedgbygagdiscussiongofgthegWorldg
Bank’sgclassificationgofgeconomiesgbygrangesgofgaveragegnationalgincomegusingggrossgnationalginc
omeg(GNI)gstatistics.g
Thegsecondgpointgisgtogprovidegangoverviewgofgthegnaturegofgdevelopmentgeconomicsgasgagfield.gAg
defensegofgdevelopmentgeconomicsgasgagdistinctgfield,grathergthangangagglomerationgofgothergecono
micsgsubfields,gisgoffered.gAgmajorgthemegofgthegbook,gthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgmustgencomp
assgthegstudygofginstitutionalgandgsocial,gasgwellgasgeconomic,gmechanismsgforgmodernisinggangeco
nomygwhilegeliminatinggabsolutegpoverty,gisgintroduced.g
Sectionsg1.5gandg1.6glooksgdeepergintogthegmeaninggofgdevelopmentgandgagviewgofgdevelopmentgth
atgisgmultidimensional.gAmartyagSen’sg“Capabilities”gapproachgisgdiscussedgingSectiong1.5.gIngSect
iong1.6,gdatagcollectedgingagGallupgWorldgPollgongthegrelationshipgbetweenghappinessg(asgmeasured
gbygGallup’sglifegsatisfactiong“ladder”gquestiongandgrealgpergcapitagincome)gandgothergresearchgong
happiness/lifegsatisfactiongisgdiscussed.gTheglevelgofghappinessgisgnotgonlygrelatedgtoglevelgofginco
megbutgtogothergfactorsgsuchgasgdemocraticgfreedomsgandgthegqualitygofgsocialgrelationships.gThegr
olegofgnormativegvaluesgingdevelopmentgeconomics—
agsubjectgdealinggwithghumangmiserygandghumangpotential,gwithgequitygasgwellgasgefficiency,gwithg
culturalgchangegthatgcausesglossesgasgwellgasggains,gandgwithgtransfergasgwellgasgcreationgofgwealth
—isgalsogstressed.g
Thegconclusiongisgthatgdevelopmentgisgbothgagphysicalgrealitygandgagstategofgmind.gThegmeaninggan
dgobjectivesgofgdevelopmentgincludegthegprovisiongofgbasicgneeds,greducingginequality,graisingglivi
nggstandardsgthroughgappropriategeconomicggrowth,gimprovinggself-
esteemgingrelationgtogthegdevelopedgcountries,gandgexpandinggfreedomgofgchoicegingthegmarketgand
gbeyond.g
Sectiong1.7gpresentsgangingdepthgexaminationgofgthegUN’sgSustainablegDevelopmentgGoalsg(SDGs)
.gThisgincludesgagmoregcomprehensiveglistgofgtheggoalsgthemselvesg(appearinggingTableg1.1)gandgag
discussiongofgthegshortcomingsgofgthegSDGs.gIngSectiong1.8,gthegplangofgthegbookgisgintroducedgthr
oughg32gcriticalgquestionsgofgdevelopmentgeconomics.gDependinggongthegamountgofgmaterialgcover
edgbygtheginstructor,gstudentsgshouldgbegablegtogintelligentlygaddressgmostgofgthesegquestionsgbygth
egendgofgthegcourse.gFinally,gagcomparativegcasegstudygofgPakistangandgBangladeshgisgpresented.g
, YTREWSg
g
g
YTREWg
g
✓gLecturegSuggestionsg
Itgmightgbegbestgtogbegingwithgagdiscussiongofgthegimmensegscalegofgtransformationgingthegworldg
economy.gTheglategHansgRosling’sgvideog“200gcountries,g200gyears,g4gminutes”g(readilygavailableg
ongYouTube)gcangbegusedgtogconfirmgthisgpointgingangentertaininggway.gItgmightgalsogbeghelpfulgto
ghighlightgthatgrealggrossgworldgproductgpergcapitaghasgalmostgtripledgbetweeng1960gandg2018g(imp
lyingggrowthgpergyeargofg1.85%)gandgisg33%ghighergthangitgwasgatgthegturngofgthisgcenturyg(implyi
nggannualggrowthgofg1.56%gfromg2000gtog2018).gThisgdatagcangbegfoundgongthegSaintgLouisgFeder
algReserve’sgwebsitegingthegFederalgReservegEconomicgDatabaseg(orgFRED).g
Despitegsuchgadvances,gtremendousgdisparitiesgcontinuegtogexist.gIngtermsgofgeasilygaccessiblegstati
sticsgthegPEWgResearchgCentre’sg“WorldgPopulationgbygIncome”gprovidesganginteractivegmapgsho
winggthegsharegofgeconomies’gpopulationgwhogaregeconomicallygpoor,glowgincome,gmiddlegincome
,guppergmiddlegincome,gandghighgincome.gWhilegregrettablygthegdatagprovidedgisgforg2011,gitgecho
esgwhatgTodarogandgSmithgpointgoutgingthegtext,gthatgmoregthang75%gofgthegworld’sgpopulationgliv
egong$15gorglessgagdayg(orgaboutg$5,500gpergpersongpergyear).gSeveralgexcellentgbooksgattemptgtogg
ivegsomegideagofgthegrangegofglivinggstandardsgfoundgthroughoutgthegworld.gForgexample,gThegMat
erialgWorldgbygPetergMenzell.gThisgbookgpresentsgphotographicgprofilesgofgtypicalgfamiliesgaround
gthegworldgwithgallgofgtheirgpossessionsgplacedgingfrontgofgtheirghomes.gAsgoneggoesgfromgonegfami
lygtogthegnextgtheginstructorghasgthegopportunitygtoghighlightgthegimportantgdifferencesgbetweengnat
ionsgandgregionsgandgtogtouchgongkeygissuesgofggrowthgandgdevelopment.g
g
Onegofgthegkeygstrengthsgofgthisgchaptergisgthatgitgdoesgnotgfocusgsolelygongtheghardgnumbersgthatgs
upposedlygmeasuregdevelopment.gThegdiscussiongofgSen’sgCapabilitiesgapproachgandgthegfarglessgt
hangperfectgrelationshipgbetweengincomegandghappinessgaregwellgworthgspendinggagfairgamountgofg
classgtimegexploring.gClassgtimegshouldgalsogbegspentgdiscussinggtheg32gcriticalgquestionsglistedgon
gpagesg21–
23gofgthegtextgandgthengaskinggstudentsgtogidentifyg3gorg4gquestionsgthatgtheygaregparticularlygintere
stedgingexploring.gAskinggeachgstudentgtoglistgwhatgtheygconsidergtogbeg“critically”gcriticalgquestio
nsgongagsheetgofgpaper,gcollectinggtheirgresponses,gandgthengtryinggtogdirectgthegrestgofgthegtermgtog
addressinggthegmostgcommonlygmentionedgcriticalgquestionsgforgthatgclassgwillgbeghelpfulgingfurthe
rgdrawinggstudentsgingandgholdinggtheirgattentiongthroughoutgthegterm.g
g
Atgthisgsamegpoint,gtheginstructorgmightgalsogwishgtoggetgsomegideagofgstudents’gexperiencesgtravel
inggtogdevelopinggcountriesgand,gingasgsubtlegagwaygasgisgpossible,gdetermineghowgshakygtheirgund
erstandinggofgthegwidergworldgis.gTheginstructorgperhapsgcouldgdrawgonghisgorghergowngexperience
sgandggivegsomegbackgroundgasgtoghowghegorgshegfirstgbecameginterestedgingDevelopmentgEconom
ics.gThisgmayg–gthroughgthegkindsgofgquestionsgaskedg–
ghelpgtheginstructorgfurtherggaugegstudents’glevelgofgsophisticationgingthisgarea.gThisgisgnotgsomethi
nggthatgshouldgbegor,gcan,gbegsettledgingthegfirstgonegorgtwogclassesgandgwillgdevelopgovergthegcour
segofgthegterm.g
g
Ingmanyguniversities,gthegeconomicgdevelopmentgcoursegwillgbegfilledgwithgstudentsgwhogaregnotg
majoringgingeconomics.gThesegstudentsgmaygcomegfromgdifferentgcollegesgwithgmajorsgsuchgasgant
hropology,gsociology,gorgpoliticalgsciencegorgbusinessg(management,gfinance,getc.).gTheygmayghave
ghadgasglittlegasgonegsemestergofgintroductorygeconomics.gGivengthatgyougaregteachinggangeconomic
sgclass,gyougmaygwishgtogremindgthegstudentsgofgthisgfactgandgoffergwhateverghelpgyougcan.gGiveng
videogcapturegsoftware,gyougmightgconsidergrecordinggsomegprimersgthatgthengcouldgbegmadegavail
ablegtogstudentsgthroughgcoursegmanagementgsoftwaregsuchgasgBlackboardgorgMoodle.gYougcertain
, YTREWSg
g
g
lygshouldgusegthegfirstgclassgorgtwogtogsetgthegstagegforgthegapproachgyougwillgtake,gwhethergitgwillg
begmoreginterdisciplinary,gmoregeconomic,gmoregmathematicalgandgquantitative,gmoreghistorical,go
rgsomegcombination.g
g
Emphasisegthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgisgangexcitinggsubjectgtogstudygandgteachgbecausegitgdoesg
notgfocusgjustgongonegcountry,gbutgongallgless-
developedgcountries.gFurthergemphasisegthatgyougwillgtrygtogteachgkeygconceptsgandgideasgwhichgc
angbegappliedgtogthegexperiencesgofgmanygdevelopinggcountries.gThesegconceptsgandgideasgaregimp
ortantgforgunderstandinggwheregthegdevelopinggcountriesgaregtoday,gasgwellgasgwhatgtheirgoptionsga
regforgthegfuture.gYougmightgalsogwishgtogemphasisegthatgtheregarguablygisgnogothergareagofgecono
micsgthatgisgmoregrelevantgtogthegmajoritygofgthegworld’sgpeople.g
Asgalreadygmentioned,gtheg32gcriticalgquestionsgcangbegusedgtogmotivategstudentginterestgingthegsub
jectgasgwellgasgpresentgangoverviewgofgwhatgthegclassgisgallgabout.gItgcangbegemphasisedgthatgthereg
isgnogoneganswergtogtheggeneralgquestiongofgwhygsomegcountriesgaregmoregdevelopedgthangothers.g
Theregaregasgmanygdifferentgopinionsgongwhatgagless-
developedgcountrygshouldgdogtogbecomegmoregdeveloped.gAggoodgapproachgisgtogpresentgdifferingg
viewpointsgthroughoutgthegcoursegandgletgthegstudentsgmakegupgtheirgmindsgongtheirgown.g
g
✓gDiscussiongTopicsg
Encouraginggclassgparticipationgisgaggoodgwaygtogmotivategthegstudentsgandgmakegthemgfeelginvolv
edgingtheglearninggprocess.gThegfirstgfewgweeksgofgclassgingparticulargaregconducivegtogthisgsortgofg
exercise.gTwogideasgforgdiscussionsgatgthisgstagegare:g
• Whatgisgthegmeaninggofgeconomicgdevelopment?gWhygdogwegnotgseegagstrongergrelationshipgbe
tweengincomegandghappiness,gespeciallygoncegincomeghasgrisengaboveg$20,000gagyeargpergperso
n?g
• Isgitgpossiblegforgthegwholegworldgtogbegdeveloped?gThisgcangbeganginterestinggquestiongtogaskg
atgthegbeginninggofgthegcourse,goncegenvironmentgandgdevelopmentghavegbeengcoveredg(Chapte
rg10),gandgthengagaingatgthegendgofgthegcourse.g
g
✓gSamplegQuestionsg
ShortgAnswerg
1. Providegagdefinitiongofgdevelopmentgeconomics.gJustifygyourgchoicegcarefully.g
Answer:gSeegSectiong4g(pagesg8–
10)gforgsomegideasgaboutghowgthegstudentsgmightganswergthisgquestion.gTheygshoul
dgingsomegwaygsaygthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgisgmoregthangjustggrowthgingGDP.g
2. Ingdefininggdevelopmentgtogincludegmoregthangjustgtheggrowthgofgpergcapitagincome,gtheregis
gangimplicitgassumptiongthatgtheggrowthgofgpergcapitagincomegalonegisgnotgsufficientgtogguara
nteegthegreductiongofgpovertygandgtheggrowthgofgself-
esteem.gIsgitgpossiblegthatgtheregcouldgbeggrowthgofgpergcapitagincomegwithoutgthegachievem
entgofgthesegothergobjectives?g
Answer:gPergcapitagincomegcangshowggrowthgevengwhengthatggrowthgdoesgnotgtouchgvastgpor
tionsgofgthegpopulation.gThisgpointgisgclearlygmadegingChapterg5gandgisgsuggestedgin
gthegcomparativegcasegstudygofgPakistangandgBangladesh.gTheggrowthgmaygbegcente
redgingonegareagorgsectorgofgthegeconomy,gforgexample.gAlso,gmostgdevelopedgcount
, YTREWSg
g
riesghave,gatgsomegtimegingtheirghistories,gintroducedgpoliciesgemphasisinggequality.
g
3. Ingwhatgwaygisgdevelopmentgeconomicsggreatergingscopegthangtraditionalgeconomics?g
Answer:gDevelopmentgeconomicsgmustgencompassgthegstudygofginstitutional,gpolitical,gandgs
ocialgasgwellgasgeconomicgmechanismsgforgmodernisinggangeconomygwhilegeliminat
inggabsolutegpovertygandgtransforminggstatesgofgmindgasgwellgasgphysicalgcondition
s.gMoregdetailsgfoundgingthegchapter.g
4. Makegagcasegthatgdevelopmentgeconomicsgmightgbegmerelygagcombinationgofgallgthegothergsu
bfieldsgofgeconomics,gonlygappliedgtoglow-
incomegcountries.gAnswer:gSeegQuestiong3gabove.g
5. Whatgdogyougthinkgaregthegmostgseriousgobstaclesgtogfurthergprogressgingthegdevelopinggworl
d?g
Answer:gThegmaingpointgheregisgtogensuregthatgstudentsgaregthinkinggcarefullygaboutgthegissue
sgraisedgingthegtext.gYougmaygalsogwishgtogdrawgfromgthegcriticalgquestionsgongpage
sg21–23.g
6. Ingreviewinggdiscussionsgofglifegingdevelopinggcountries,gwhatgisgitgaboutglifestylesgingtheglo
w-gincomegcountriesgcomparedgwithglifestylesgingtheghigh-
incomegcountriesgthatgmostgstrikesgyou?gWhy?g
Answer:gThisgisgangopen-endedgquestiongtogstimulategreflection.g
7. Dogyougthinkgitgisgingthegmaterialginterestsgofghigh-incomegcountriesgtoghelpglow-
incomegcountriesgimprovegtheirgeconomicgperformance?gWhygorgwhygnot?g
Answer:gAnswersgmightgtouchgongincreasinggthegmarketgforgproductsgingwhichghigh-
incomegcountriesghavegagcomparativegadvantage,greducinggthegdangersgofgregionalg
wargandgterrorism,greducingginternationalgtransmissiongofgdisease,gandgcurbingginter
nationalgmigration.g
8. Howgisghappinessgrelatedgtogdevelopment?g
Answer:gAnswersgshouldgmakegreferencegtogthegcorrelationgbetweenghappinessgandgincomegl
evelgasgwellgasgtouchgongthegconnectiongbetweenghappinessgandgsocialgrelationships
,gpersonalgandgdemocraticgfreedoms,greligiousgbeliefs,gandghealth,gamonggothergfact
orsglistedgongpageg12.gFurther,ganswersgshouldgincludegagdiscussiongonghappinessga
sgbeinggagpartgofgAmartyagSen’sgconceptgofgfunctionings.g
9. ComparegandgcontrastgthegUN’sgMillenniumgDevelopmentgGoalsg(MDGs)g2000–
2015gwithgthegSustainablegDevelopmentgGoalsg(SDGs)gputgforwardging2015?gWhatgdogyougc
onsidergtogbegthegmostgimportantgofgeithergsetgofggoalsgandgwhy?g
Answer:gTheganswergshouldgstressgthatgbothgsetsgofggoalsgcovergagbroadgrangegofgobjectivesg
bothgeconomicgandgsocial.gThesegweregputgforwardgsogthatgdevelopinggcountriesgwo
uldghavegnumericalgtargetsgagainstgwhichgtheirgprogressgcouldgbegjudgedgand,gwher
egwarranted,gappropriategassistancegoffered.g
