MCAT Biology Study Review with Complete Solutions
capsid - -protein coat uterine lining
-high estrogen and progesterone levels cause
negative feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH)
virion - -virus particles 4) menstruation- no fertilization, estrogen and
progesterone levels drop, block on GnRH is
removed
bacteriophage - -bacteria virus, has a tail
sheath that can inject DNA/RNA
helicase - -enzyme that unwinds the DNA
double helix and separates the strand
viral genome - -single or double-stranded
DNA or RNA
DnaA - -protein that works to find the ORI
and begin DNA replication
retrovirus - -single-stranded RNA that uses
reverse transcriptase to make DNA
topoisomerase - -enzyme that cuts one or
both strands of the DNA helix and unwraps it,
releasing tension caused by helicases
Bacteriophage - -lytic: virions are made
until the cell lyses
lysogenic: virus integrates into genome as
provirus prophage; dormant until activated by DNA polymerase - -catalyzes the
stress elongation of the daughter strand using the
parental template, elongates the primer by
adding to its 3' end
seminal vesicles - -contribute fructose to
nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid
lagging strand - -strand that must wait until
the replication fork is widened before
polymerization
prostate gland - -produces alkaline fluid
DNA ligase - -enzyme that joins together
bulbourethral glands - -produce fluid that
the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand
cleans urine remnants and lubricates the urethra
during sexual arousal
DNA polymerase III - -responsible for the
menstrual cycle - -1) follicular phase- super fast and accurate elongation of the leading
strand; proofreading function, can go backwards
GnRH secretion causes FSH and LH secretion,
and chop off an incorrect nucleotide that was just
promoting follicle development, estrogen is
added
released
2) ovulation- stimulated by surge in LH (estrogen
causes positive feedback)
3) luteal phase- follicle becomes corpus luteum DNA polymerase I - -adds nucleotides at
which secretes progesterone and maintains the RNA primer, DNA pol III takes over after a bit
, MCAT Biology Study Review with Complete Solutions
-also has proofreading ability
small nuclear RNA - -associates with
telomerase - -An enzyme that catalyzes proteins to form snRNP complexes in
the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ spliceosome
cells
microRNA, siRNA - -function in RNA
missense mutation - -A point mutation in interference
which a codon that specifies an amino acid is - bind to specific RNA molecules to
mutated into a codon that specifies a different increase/decrease translation
amino acid.
PIWI-interacting RNAs - -single stranded
nonsense mutation - -A point mutation that and short, prevent transposons from mobilizing
results in a premature stop codon
long ncRNAs - -help control transcription
silent mutation - -A point mutation where a level by regulating initiation complex assembly on
codon is changed into a new codon for the same promoters
amino acid; no change in sequence
template strand - -The DNA strand that
chromosome amplification - -A mutation in provides the template for ordering the sequence
which a segment of a chromosome is duplicated of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript
translocations - -A mutation that occurs initiation of transcription - -RNA
when a piece of DNA is removed from one polymerase binds the promoter on the DNA;
chromosome and attached to another open complex is formed
chromosome -sigma factor helps the ability of RNA polymerase
to recognize promoters and decreases the affinity
of the holoenzyme for DNA
transposons - -segments of DNA that can
move from one region of DNA to another; both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have them elongation of transcription - -core enzyme
elongates RNA chain, moves in transcription
bubble where a region of the DNA double helix is
transfer RNA - -translates the genetic unwound
code; carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to
the ribosome to be added to the protein
termination of transcription - -RNA
polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
ribosomal RNA - -type of RNA that codon) and detaches from the template
combines with proteins to form ribosomes
, MCAT Biology Study Review with Complete Solutions
which expression of an allele in offspring
RNA Polymerase I - -transcribes most depends on whether the allele is inherited from
rRNA the male or female parent
RNA polymerase II - -transcribes hnRNA, capsid head - -genome of bacteria is
most snRNA, and some miRNA located here
RNA polymerase III - -transcribes tRNA, sheath - -contracts using the energy of
long ncRNA, siRNA, miRNA stored ATP, injecting the genome into the host
anticodon - -a sequence of three hydrolase - -a hydrolytic enzyme that
nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a degrades the entire host genome
transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a
complementary codon in mRNA
lysozyme - -an enzyme found in saliva and
sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of
amino acid acceptor site - -on other end of certain bacteria
tRNA, place where the amino acid is attached to
the tRNA
transduction - -DNA coding for a trait that
the newly infected host did not previously have
Wobble Hypothesis - -first two codon-
anticodon pairs bind, third anticodon is flexible
lytic cycle - -virus takes control of a host
cell and then produces progeny
amino acid activation - -two high-energy
phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach amino acid to its tRNA molecule lysogenic cycle - -virus integrates into host
-2 ATP equivalents are needed genome as a provirus or prophage; host is not
killed
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - -An enzyme
that joins each amino acid to the appropriate productive cycle - -A life cycle of animal
tRNA. viruses in which the mature viral particles bud
from the host cell, acquiring an envelope (a
coating of lipid bilayer) in the process.
initiator tRNA prokaryotes - -fMet- -lytic cycle but host cell is not destroyed
tRNA^fMet - modified methionine that is the first
amino acid in all prokaryotes
retrovirus - -+RNA viruses that integrate
into the host genome as proviruses
genomic imprinting - -a phenomenon in
capsid - -protein coat uterine lining
-high estrogen and progesterone levels cause
negative feedback on GnRH, LH, FSH)
virion - -virus particles 4) menstruation- no fertilization, estrogen and
progesterone levels drop, block on GnRH is
removed
bacteriophage - -bacteria virus, has a tail
sheath that can inject DNA/RNA
helicase - -enzyme that unwinds the DNA
double helix and separates the strand
viral genome - -single or double-stranded
DNA or RNA
DnaA - -protein that works to find the ORI
and begin DNA replication
retrovirus - -single-stranded RNA that uses
reverse transcriptase to make DNA
topoisomerase - -enzyme that cuts one or
both strands of the DNA helix and unwraps it,
releasing tension caused by helicases
Bacteriophage - -lytic: virions are made
until the cell lyses
lysogenic: virus integrates into genome as
provirus prophage; dormant until activated by DNA polymerase - -catalyzes the
stress elongation of the daughter strand using the
parental template, elongates the primer by
adding to its 3' end
seminal vesicles - -contribute fructose to
nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid
lagging strand - -strand that must wait until
the replication fork is widened before
polymerization
prostate gland - -produces alkaline fluid
DNA ligase - -enzyme that joins together
bulbourethral glands - -produce fluid that
the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand
cleans urine remnants and lubricates the urethra
during sexual arousal
DNA polymerase III - -responsible for the
menstrual cycle - -1) follicular phase- super fast and accurate elongation of the leading
strand; proofreading function, can go backwards
GnRH secretion causes FSH and LH secretion,
and chop off an incorrect nucleotide that was just
promoting follicle development, estrogen is
added
released
2) ovulation- stimulated by surge in LH (estrogen
causes positive feedback)
3) luteal phase- follicle becomes corpus luteum DNA polymerase I - -adds nucleotides at
which secretes progesterone and maintains the RNA primer, DNA pol III takes over after a bit
, MCAT Biology Study Review with Complete Solutions
-also has proofreading ability
small nuclear RNA - -associates with
telomerase - -An enzyme that catalyzes proteins to form snRNP complexes in
the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ spliceosome
cells
microRNA, siRNA - -function in RNA
missense mutation - -A point mutation in interference
which a codon that specifies an amino acid is - bind to specific RNA molecules to
mutated into a codon that specifies a different increase/decrease translation
amino acid.
PIWI-interacting RNAs - -single stranded
nonsense mutation - -A point mutation that and short, prevent transposons from mobilizing
results in a premature stop codon
long ncRNAs - -help control transcription
silent mutation - -A point mutation where a level by regulating initiation complex assembly on
codon is changed into a new codon for the same promoters
amino acid; no change in sequence
template strand - -The DNA strand that
chromosome amplification - -A mutation in provides the template for ordering the sequence
which a segment of a chromosome is duplicated of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript
translocations - -A mutation that occurs initiation of transcription - -RNA
when a piece of DNA is removed from one polymerase binds the promoter on the DNA;
chromosome and attached to another open complex is formed
chromosome -sigma factor helps the ability of RNA polymerase
to recognize promoters and decreases the affinity
of the holoenzyme for DNA
transposons - -segments of DNA that can
move from one region of DNA to another; both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes have them elongation of transcription - -core enzyme
elongates RNA chain, moves in transcription
bubble where a region of the DNA double helix is
transfer RNA - -translates the genetic unwound
code; carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to
the ribosome to be added to the protein
termination of transcription - -RNA
polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop
ribosomal RNA - -type of RNA that codon) and detaches from the template
combines with proteins to form ribosomes
, MCAT Biology Study Review with Complete Solutions
which expression of an allele in offspring
RNA Polymerase I - -transcribes most depends on whether the allele is inherited from
rRNA the male or female parent
RNA polymerase II - -transcribes hnRNA, capsid head - -genome of bacteria is
most snRNA, and some miRNA located here
RNA polymerase III - -transcribes tRNA, sheath - -contracts using the energy of
long ncRNA, siRNA, miRNA stored ATP, injecting the genome into the host
anticodon - -a sequence of three hydrolase - -a hydrolytic enzyme that
nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a degrades the entire host genome
transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a
complementary codon in mRNA
lysozyme - -an enzyme found in saliva and
sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of
amino acid acceptor site - -on other end of certain bacteria
tRNA, place where the amino acid is attached to
the tRNA
transduction - -DNA coding for a trait that
the newly infected host did not previously have
Wobble Hypothesis - -first two codon-
anticodon pairs bind, third anticodon is flexible
lytic cycle - -virus takes control of a host
cell and then produces progeny
amino acid activation - -two high-energy
phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed to provide the
energy to attach amino acid to its tRNA molecule lysogenic cycle - -virus integrates into host
-2 ATP equivalents are needed genome as a provirus or prophage; host is not
killed
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase - -An enzyme
that joins each amino acid to the appropriate productive cycle - -A life cycle of animal
tRNA. viruses in which the mature viral particles bud
from the host cell, acquiring an envelope (a
coating of lipid bilayer) in the process.
initiator tRNA prokaryotes - -fMet- -lytic cycle but host cell is not destroyed
tRNA^fMet - modified methionine that is the first
amino acid in all prokaryotes
retrovirus - -+RNA viruses that integrate
into the host genome as proviruses
genomic imprinting - -a phenomenon in
