NUR 3125 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome is precipitated by:
- CORRECT ANSWER- Infections, medications, nonadherence to
diabetes treatment, or coexisting disease
Clinical manifestations of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic
Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- -Glycosuria, polyuria,
dehydration, neurologic changes
-Laboratory findings (Glucose: often more than 600 mg/dL Absent or low
urine ketones)
examples of Microvascular disease - CORRECT ANSWER- Diabetic
retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathies
examples of Macrovascular disease - CORRECT ANSWER-
Coronary artery disease
MI
Cerebral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease
The __________________________________________ is Non
specific, rapidly initiated, and has no memory cells, and is made up of
both cellular and chemical components.. - CORRECT ANSWER-
inflammatory response
the inflammatory response is initiated by : - CORRECT ANSWER-
nfection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation,
temperature extremes, radiation, etc
,What are the goals of inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER- -Limit
and control the inflammatory process
-Prevent and limit infection and further damage
-Initiate adaptive immune response
-Initiate healing- prepare the area of injury for healing
What occurs on cellular level right after tissue injury? - CORRECT
ANSWER- Production and release of inflammatory mediators
(cytokines and mast cells)
_____________________________ Regulate innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER- Chemokines or cytokines
*cellular mediators of inflammation
-Are either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory.
-Are either synergistic or antagonistic.
**Include interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)**
Actions of chemokines/cytokines are pleiotropic, which means: -
CORRECT ANSWER- The same molecule may have a large variety of
different biologic activities, depending on the particular target cell to
which it binds.
Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a
pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation - CORRECT
ANSWER- interleukins
____________ is a proinflammatory cytokine: Causes fever. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IL-1
interleukin 1
______________ is a proinflammatory cytokine: Helps with healing. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IL-6
, interleukin 6
______________ and _____________________________ are
antiinflammatory cytokine. - CORRECT ANSWER- IL-10 (interleukin
10) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
What is the purpose of interferons? - CORRECT ANSWER- -Protect
against viral infections.
-Are produced and released by virally infected host cells in response to
viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA).
-Do not directly kill viruses but prevent them from infecting additional
healthy cells.
__________ and _____________ Induce the production of antiviral
proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER- IFN-α and IFN-β
_______________ Increases microbiocidal activity of macrophages. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IFN-γ
___________________________ Predominate in early inflammatory
responses - CORRECT ANSWER- Neutrophils
*Also referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Neutrophils account for _____________________ of Phagocytes. -
CORRECT ANSWER- 60-76%
Neutrophils: - CORRECT ANSWER- Ingest bacteria, dead cells, and
cellular debris
What kind of Cells are **short lived and **become a component of the
purulent exudate? - CORRECT ANSWER- Neutrophils
Neutrophils are increased in: - CORRECT ANSWER- -(normal)
severe exercise, later stages of pregnancy, labor, surgery, newborns.
ANSWERS
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome is precipitated by:
- CORRECT ANSWER- Infections, medications, nonadherence to
diabetes treatment, or coexisting disease
Clinical manifestations of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic
Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER- -Glycosuria, polyuria,
dehydration, neurologic changes
-Laboratory findings (Glucose: often more than 600 mg/dL Absent or low
urine ketones)
examples of Microvascular disease - CORRECT ANSWER- Diabetic
retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathies
examples of Macrovascular disease - CORRECT ANSWER-
Coronary artery disease
MI
Cerebral vascular disease
Peripheral vascular disease
The __________________________________________ is Non
specific, rapidly initiated, and has no memory cells, and is made up of
both cellular and chemical components.. - CORRECT ANSWER-
inflammatory response
the inflammatory response is initiated by : - CORRECT ANSWER-
nfection, mechanical damage, ischemia, nutrient deprivation,
temperature extremes, radiation, etc
,What are the goals of inflammation? - CORRECT ANSWER- -Limit
and control the inflammatory process
-Prevent and limit infection and further damage
-Initiate adaptive immune response
-Initiate healing- prepare the area of injury for healing
What occurs on cellular level right after tissue injury? - CORRECT
ANSWER- Production and release of inflammatory mediators
(cytokines and mast cells)
_____________________________ Regulate innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. - CORRECT
ANSWER- Chemokines or cytokines
*cellular mediators of inflammation
-Are either proinflammatory or antiinflammatory.
-Are either synergistic or antagonistic.
**Include interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)**
Actions of chemokines/cytokines are pleiotropic, which means: -
CORRECT ANSWER- The same molecule may have a large variety of
different biologic activities, depending on the particular target cell to
which it binds.
Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a
pathogen or stimulation by other products of inflammation - CORRECT
ANSWER- interleukins
____________ is a proinflammatory cytokine: Causes fever. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IL-1
interleukin 1
______________ is a proinflammatory cytokine: Helps with healing. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IL-6
, interleukin 6
______________ and _____________________________ are
antiinflammatory cytokine. - CORRECT ANSWER- IL-10 (interleukin
10) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
What is the purpose of interferons? - CORRECT ANSWER- -Protect
against viral infections.
-Are produced and released by virally infected host cells in response to
viral double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA).
-Do not directly kill viruses but prevent them from infecting additional
healthy cells.
__________ and _____________ Induce the production of antiviral
proteins. - CORRECT ANSWER- IFN-α and IFN-β
_______________ Increases microbiocidal activity of macrophages. -
CORRECT ANSWER- IFN-γ
___________________________ Predominate in early inflammatory
responses - CORRECT ANSWER- Neutrophils
*Also referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
Neutrophils account for _____________________ of Phagocytes. -
CORRECT ANSWER- 60-76%
Neutrophils: - CORRECT ANSWER- Ingest bacteria, dead cells, and
cellular debris
What kind of Cells are **short lived and **become a component of the
purulent exudate? - CORRECT ANSWER- Neutrophils
Neutrophils are increased in: - CORRECT ANSWER- -(normal)
severe exercise, later stages of pregnancy, labor, surgery, newborns.
