EXAM 2- NUR 3125: PATHO "FLUID &
ELECTROLYTES, ACID-BASE" PART 1
What does sodium, potassium, and calcium maintain? - CORRECT
ANSWER- neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses
What is the function of chloride? - CORRECT ANSWER- maintains
osmotic pressure in blood, regulates fluids and pH, produces
hydrochloric acid
What is hyperchloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- high chloride
What causes hyperchloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- when
bicarbonate levels are low (diarrhea or pancreatic drainage) the kidneys
hold onto chloride OR hypernatermia (follows sodium)
What are some manifestations of hyperchloremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER- increase in blood acidity, fatigue, muscle weakness,
excessive thirst, dry mucous membranes; metabolic acidosis (loss of
bicarb)
What is hypochloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- low chloride
What can cause hypocloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- nasogastric
suction, vomiting, kidney disease, heart failure; elevated bicarbonate
levels
What are some manifestations of hypochloremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER- diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, difficulty in breathing,
hypotension, tachycardia
What is TBW? - CORRECT ANSWER- total body of water (sum of
fluids in all body compartments)
, How much body weight is water in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER-
60%
What is intracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid inside the cell
(2/3 of TBW)
What is extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid outside the
cell (1/3 TBW)
What makes up extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER-
intravascular, interstitial, and other types of fluid
What is intravascular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid within the
blood vessels (PLASMA)
What is interstitial fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid BETWEEN the
cells or in the tissues; outside of blood vessels
What are some other fluids? - CORRECT ANSWER- lymph, synovial
(joints), CSF, sweat, urine, pleural (lung), pericardial (heart)
What are some medical conditions that can alter fluid distribution? -
CORRECT ANSWER- heart failure, sepsis
What many kgs in 1 L? - CORRECT ANSWER- 1 kg (2.2 lb)
What is the relationship between adipose tissue and water? -
CORRECT ANSWER- hydrophobic, people with more fat tissue have
les TBW
Where is most water lost to? - CORRECT ANSWER- urine, stool,
insensible water loss
What is insensible water loss? - CORRECT ANSWER- not
noticeable; breathing, skin
ELECTROLYTES, ACID-BASE" PART 1
What does sodium, potassium, and calcium maintain? - CORRECT
ANSWER- neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses
What is the function of chloride? - CORRECT ANSWER- maintains
osmotic pressure in blood, regulates fluids and pH, produces
hydrochloric acid
What is hyperchloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- high chloride
What causes hyperchloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- when
bicarbonate levels are low (diarrhea or pancreatic drainage) the kidneys
hold onto chloride OR hypernatermia (follows sodium)
What are some manifestations of hyperchloremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER- increase in blood acidity, fatigue, muscle weakness,
excessive thirst, dry mucous membranes; metabolic acidosis (loss of
bicarb)
What is hypochloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- low chloride
What can cause hypocloremia? - CORRECT ANSWER- nasogastric
suction, vomiting, kidney disease, heart failure; elevated bicarbonate
levels
What are some manifestations of hypochloremia? - CORRECT
ANSWER- diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, difficulty in breathing,
hypotension, tachycardia
What is TBW? - CORRECT ANSWER- total body of water (sum of
fluids in all body compartments)
, How much body weight is water in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER-
60%
What is intracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid inside the cell
(2/3 of TBW)
What is extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid outside the
cell (1/3 TBW)
What makes up extracellular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER-
intravascular, interstitial, and other types of fluid
What is intravascular fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid within the
blood vessels (PLASMA)
What is interstitial fluid? - CORRECT ANSWER- fluid BETWEEN the
cells or in the tissues; outside of blood vessels
What are some other fluids? - CORRECT ANSWER- lymph, synovial
(joints), CSF, sweat, urine, pleural (lung), pericardial (heart)
What are some medical conditions that can alter fluid distribution? -
CORRECT ANSWER- heart failure, sepsis
What many kgs in 1 L? - CORRECT ANSWER- 1 kg (2.2 lb)
What is the relationship between adipose tissue and water? -
CORRECT ANSWER- hydrophobic, people with more fat tissue have
les TBW
Where is most water lost to? - CORRECT ANSWER- urine, stool,
insensible water loss
What is insensible water loss? - CORRECT ANSWER- not
noticeable; breathing, skin
