NRS 434VN TOPIC 1 ASSIGNMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HEALTH
PROMOTION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL
SOLUTION PRACTICE
◉ The route of administration with the highest bio-availability is.
Answer: Intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption. Intravenous route avoids first-pass
metabolism in the liver.
◉ rectal administration disadvantages. Answer: variable and erratic
absorption
◉ Steady state (SS). Answer: is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives
of a drug
◉ The half-life of a drug is defined as. Answer: how long it takes for
half the drug to be excreted from the body
◉ Half-life of a drug. Answer: Determines how frequently the drug
must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
,Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs. Answer: May have enhanced activity if
any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
◉ Drug development steps (according to the FDA). Answer:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug
Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted
medications or placebo depending on the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase IV)
,◉ Medication safety organizations. Answer: The Institute for Safe
Medication Practices (ISMP)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Answer: Two basic type of ADRs:
pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in
a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication errors,
adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
, ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that
ADRs be reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care,
using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for
prescription filling.
◉ Cardiovascular-Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
(ACEIs):. Answer: Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril,
benazepril, fosinopril;
*ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of
angiotensin-converting enzyme.
*Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and
angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs):. Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro),
losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
◉ Cardiovascular-Essential (primary) hypertension. Answer:
Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may be caused
by chronic renal failure.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HEALTH
PROMOTION EXAM SCRIPT 2026 FULL
SOLUTION PRACTICE
◉ The route of administration with the highest bio-availability is.
Answer: Intravenous; putting entire dose into a patient's vein and
bypassing absorption. Intravenous route avoids first-pass
metabolism in the liver.
◉ rectal administration disadvantages. Answer: variable and erratic
absorption
◉ Steady state (SS). Answer: is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives
of a drug
◉ The half-life of a drug is defined as. Answer: how long it takes for
half the drug to be excreted from the body
◉ Half-life of a drug. Answer: Determines how frequently the drug
must be administered
Predicts how long toxic effects can last
,Half-life is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means a drug is
metabolized at a constant rate per unit time.
◉ CYP3A4 substrate drugs. Answer: May have enhanced activity if
any CYP3A4 inducer drugs are used along with it.
◉ Drug development steps (according to the FDA). Answer:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug
Pre-clinical research with animal testing for safety (Phase I)
Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety (Phase II)
Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted
medications or placebo depending on the study (Phase III)
FDA review of the results to determine approval
Post-marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier
clinical studies (Phase IV)
,◉ Medication safety organizations. Answer: The Institute for Safe
Medication Practices (ISMP)
The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
The Joint Commission
The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting
and Prevention (NCCMERP)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
◉ Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Answer: Two basic type of ADRs:
pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRs are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, frequently occur in
a hospital or nursing home setting, and include medication errors,
adverse drug effects, allergic and idiosyncratic type reactions.
, ADRs are not commonly reported; the FDA does not mandate that
ADRs be reported.
Polypharmacy involves using multiple healthcare providers for care,
using multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for
prescription filling.
◉ Cardiovascular-Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
(ACEIs):. Answer: Lisinopril, captopril, enalapril, ramipril,
benazepril, fosinopril;
*ACEIs reduce blood pressure by suppressing the release of
angiotensin-converting enzyme.
*Important side effects of ACE inhibitors include cough and
angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
◉ Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBs):. Answer:
Candesartan (Atacand), eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro),
losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and valsartan (Diovan).
ARBs reduce blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
◉ Cardiovascular-Essential (primary) hypertension. Answer:
Accounts for 90% of cases; secondary hypertension may be caused
by chronic renal failure.
