NUR 2502 EXAM 1 FINAL EXAM PAPER
2026 COMPLETE 50 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Mechanical obstruction. Answer: Physical blockage (e.g., hernia,
tumor, adhesions).
⩥ Functional / paralytic obstruction. Answer: Musculature of the bowel
cannot propel contents forward; can occur after abdominal surgery.
⩥ Accumulation of gas and fluid. Answer: Leads to distention.
⩥ Bowel wall edema. Answer: Causes third-spacing and electrolyte
imbalances.
⩥ Progressive dilation. Answer: Can lead to ischemia, necrosis, rupture,
peritonitis, and sepsis if untreated.
⩥ Postoperative adhesions. Answer: Most common cause of intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Hernias. Answer: Includes inguinal, femoral, and umbilical types.
,⩥ Tumors or neoplasms. Answer: Can cause intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Volvulus. Answer: Twisting of bowel.
⩥ Intussusception. Answer: Telescoping of bowel.
⩥ Impaction. Answer: Fecal impaction can lead to obstruction.
⩥ Gallstone ileus. Answer: A cause of intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Peritonitis or pancreatitis. Answer: Can lead to functional obstruction.
⩥ Electrolyte disturbances. Answer: Especially hypokalemia can cause
functional obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal pain. Answer: Cramping, intermittent, severe in intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal distention. Answer: A common clinical manifestation of
intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Nausea and vomiting. Answer: May contain fecal material if distal.
,⩥ Bowel sounds. Answer: Hyperactive proximal to obstruction;
hypoactive or absent distal to obstruction.
⩥ Absence of flatus or stool. Answer: Indicates intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Signs of dehydration. Answer: Can occur due to intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal X-ray. Answer: Key findings include air-fluid levels,
dilated loops, no rectal gas in complete SBO.
⩥ CT scan. Answer: Can show transition zone, mass, or obstruction.
⩥ Ultrasound / MRI. Answer: Can show mass, volvulus, or inflamed
appendix.
⩥ CBC. Answer: ↑ WBC if infection / peritonitis.
⩥ BUN / Electrolytes. Answer: ↑ BUN (volume depletion),
hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis.
⩥ Bowel ischemia. Answer: Can lead to necrosis.
⩥ Perforation. Answer: Can lead to peritonitis.
, ⩥ Sepsis and hypovolemic shock. Answer: Complications of intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Nursing Management. Answer: Includes maintaining NG tube
function, measuring NG output, and monitoring fluid and electrolyte
balance.
⩥ Expected Outcomes. Answer: Relief of obstruction, normal bowel
sounds return, decreased distention and discomfort, normal fluid and
electrolyte balance maintained.
⩥ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Answer: Group of
diseases characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
⩥ Chronic bronchitis. Answer: Defined as productive cough for 3
months in each of 2 consecutive years.
⩥ Emphysema. Answer: Abnormal, permanent enlargement of airspaces
distal to terminal bronchioles with alveolar wall destruction.
⩥ Dyspnea. Answer: Initially on exertion, later at rest in COPD.
2026 COMPLETE 50 QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
⩥ Mechanical obstruction. Answer: Physical blockage (e.g., hernia,
tumor, adhesions).
⩥ Functional / paralytic obstruction. Answer: Musculature of the bowel
cannot propel contents forward; can occur after abdominal surgery.
⩥ Accumulation of gas and fluid. Answer: Leads to distention.
⩥ Bowel wall edema. Answer: Causes third-spacing and electrolyte
imbalances.
⩥ Progressive dilation. Answer: Can lead to ischemia, necrosis, rupture,
peritonitis, and sepsis if untreated.
⩥ Postoperative adhesions. Answer: Most common cause of intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Hernias. Answer: Includes inguinal, femoral, and umbilical types.
,⩥ Tumors or neoplasms. Answer: Can cause intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Volvulus. Answer: Twisting of bowel.
⩥ Intussusception. Answer: Telescoping of bowel.
⩥ Impaction. Answer: Fecal impaction can lead to obstruction.
⩥ Gallstone ileus. Answer: A cause of intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Peritonitis or pancreatitis. Answer: Can lead to functional obstruction.
⩥ Electrolyte disturbances. Answer: Especially hypokalemia can cause
functional obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal pain. Answer: Cramping, intermittent, severe in intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal distention. Answer: A common clinical manifestation of
intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Nausea and vomiting. Answer: May contain fecal material if distal.
,⩥ Bowel sounds. Answer: Hyperactive proximal to obstruction;
hypoactive or absent distal to obstruction.
⩥ Absence of flatus or stool. Answer: Indicates intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Signs of dehydration. Answer: Can occur due to intestinal obstruction.
⩥ Abdominal X-ray. Answer: Key findings include air-fluid levels,
dilated loops, no rectal gas in complete SBO.
⩥ CT scan. Answer: Can show transition zone, mass, or obstruction.
⩥ Ultrasound / MRI. Answer: Can show mass, volvulus, or inflamed
appendix.
⩥ CBC. Answer: ↑ WBC if infection / peritonitis.
⩥ BUN / Electrolytes. Answer: ↑ BUN (volume depletion),
hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis.
⩥ Bowel ischemia. Answer: Can lead to necrosis.
⩥ Perforation. Answer: Can lead to peritonitis.
, ⩥ Sepsis and hypovolemic shock. Answer: Complications of intestinal
obstruction.
⩥ Nursing Management. Answer: Includes maintaining NG tube
function, measuring NG output, and monitoring fluid and electrolyte
balance.
⩥ Expected Outcomes. Answer: Relief of obstruction, normal bowel
sounds return, decreased distention and discomfort, normal fluid and
electrolyte balance maintained.
⩥ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Answer: Group of
diseases characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
⩥ Chronic bronchitis. Answer: Defined as productive cough for 3
months in each of 2 consecutive years.
⩥ Emphysema. Answer: Abnormal, permanent enlargement of airspaces
distal to terminal bronchioles with alveolar wall destruction.
⩥ Dyspnea. Answer: Initially on exertion, later at rest in COPD.
